Property Type Focus For Public Equity Reits Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2280 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) allow all investors, as opposed to only the most affluent ones to invest in real estate. Apart from this, shares in REITs are more liquid than actual property. Finally, double taxation is avoided, because REITs are exempt from corporate taxes if they distribute 90% of their taxable income in form of dividends  [1]  (among other conditions). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Property Type Focus For Public Equity Reits Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The rapid expansion of equity REITs started in early 1990s and peaked in 2006 with about $400bn market capitalisation.  [2] Given the apparent popularity, it is increasingly important to better understand this asset class. The aim of this paper is to find whether there are any differences in performance across REITs with different property-type focus. If there are no differences, investors would be wasting resources by analysing each REIT type separately. However, if the reverse is true, excess returns could be earned by increasing the share of a particular type in the portfolio. It would also be interesting, because it would violate the efficient market hypothesis. This study contributes to the existing discussion by investigating whether differences between property types emerged (or got amplified) in the recent market collapse. There is a number or reasons why this could be the case. For example, decrease of home-ownership rate resulting from the mortgage-crisis could have in duced people to move to the rental sector. For residential REITs this would provide a cushion in form of an influx of extra demand for rented accommodation. As it can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, homeownership in the US fell below 67% in 2011 from almost 69% before the crisis. Rental vacancy rates increased during the crisis but this increase was not unprecedented. Possibly, if it was not for the ex-home-owners, the recent increase could have been more dramatic. Figure 2  [3] This effect is likely to be much lower for commercial real estate, as firms often prefer to rent rather than own their premises even in the favourable economic conditions, as this prevents tying up substantial amounts of capital  [4]  . As a result, when the crisis starts, they already were renters. As it can be seen from Figure 4, vacancies in the office sector almost doubled between 2007 and 2009 and net absorption was negative for two years. Also, it is often commercial real estate is more correlated with the unemployment rate and more vulnerable to shocks to the economy. By having a weaker link to the unemployment and GDP, residential REITs could have suffered less. Figure 4  [5] Industrial real estate faces also extra risk due to lack of tenant diversification. Warehouses and industrial premises tend to be large and typically occupied by a small number of tenants. Industrial REITs could have suffered from this problem in a downturn. Another major category is healthcare REITs. With increasingly aging population this seems to be an attractive investment. Nevertheless, any effect seen in the total returns data could be simply due to the 2010 healthcare reform, which implies that more people will be covered by the insurance in the US and therefore investors could expect more demand for healthcare property. On the other hand, healthcare REITs even before the reform had one of the lowest debt/capitalisation ratios (28.8% in 2009 compared to the average of 44.76% for all REITs) and offered relatively high returns.  [6]  More leveraged sectors could have found themselves is more trouble when the crisis started. Some researchers find that the type of REIT indeed determines the returns to investor. For example, Gyourko and Nelling (1996) regress betas on the percentage of properties of each type and find that retail REITs had significantly higher market sensitivity than industrial and warehouse REITs in the period of 1988-1992. Kim et al (2002) use Jensen index and perform ANOVA and find that hotel REITs underperformed other types. Redman and Manakyan (1995) regress Sharpe ratios of REITs on their characteristics. They find that property type focus together with geographical location and financial parameters are significant determinants of REITs risk adjusted returns. Finally, Benefield, Anderson, Zupano (2009) calculate Treynor measure and Jensen alphas and test their significance using both parametric and non-parametric tests. They find that REITs with diversified portfolio of properties (with respect to property type) perform better when the market conditions are good. In the downturn, there is however little evidence of superiori ty of diversified REITs. However, other strands of research suggest that property type does not matter for the return. For example, Young (2000) finds that randomly chosen portfolios that do not take property type into account perform in the same way as property-type specific portfolios. This analysis was applied to 1989-98 data. Chiang et al (n. d.) use three models CAPM, Fama-French and Cahart and apply it to data in the period of 1994-2005 and they conclude that there is no statistically significant differential in the risk adjusted performance of various types of REITs. DATA Data on monthly returns on 130 US public equity REITs was obtained from SNL Financial. SNL REIT indices were used to group REITs into types. Details of what exact companies each type includes are available in Appendix 1. The returns include both: capital gains and the dividends. The types of REITs considered are the following: healthcare, hotels, industrial, diversified/other, office, retail, residential and self-storage. SNL US Equity REIT is an index that includes all publicly traded REITs. Measure of market portfolio used in this study is SP 500. Monthly total returns on this index also come from the SNL Financial. Risk free rate and Fama-French factors were obtained from Kenneth R. Frenchs  [7]  website. The factors are difference in returns on big and small stocks (SMB) and difference in returns on stocks with high and low book-to-value ratio (HML). Data covers April 2003 January 2011 The frequency of the data is monthly, to clean the noise that can be found in the dai ly data. Also, this frequency is mostly used in the literature, so the study will be more comparable to others. Finally, yearly data would produce only few observations, which could raise concerns that the results are not reliable. In terms of the reliability of data, SNL Financial seems to be a relatively safe source, widely used by numerous investment banks. The only problem with the SNL is that it does not cover the pre-2000 period. No comparison with the previous periods can be therefore made. The last issue is that of division of data into PRE-CRISIS and CRISIS periods. 30 April 2007 was chosen as the division-point. The decision was based on the fact that most REITs started to offer negative returns at this time. Finally, it could be claimed that CRISIS covers the recovery time (when the recession ended). This is simply a nomenclature issue and inclusion of the recovery time is the intention of the author, as it is assumed that the crisis could have some long-lasting eff ects on the ability of certain REIT types to outperform others. Descriptive statistics for the period of April 2003 April 2007 (referred to as PRE-CRISIS from now on), period of May 2007 January 2011 (referred to as CRISIS) are presented in Tables 1-2. The mean return for most REITs was higher than that of SP 500. However SP 500 also carried lower risk. Among REIT types, self-storage had the highest mean return of almost 2.48% per month, but the standard deviation of those returns was also relatively large. Healthcare REITs offered large returns as well. The lowest mean return was on residential type 2.06% per month. What strikes here is that the means do not seem to differ dramatically across types. Simple comparison of returns is not an appropriate method of investigating the problem. Higher return could be just a reward for a higher risk. There are three most popular risk-adjusted measures of performance: Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Jensen alpha. They all benefit from having an intuitive interpretation. Sharpe and Treynor ratios are similar they are simply excess return divided by risk. Risk in the Sharpe ratio is the total risk, while Treynor ratio only takes into account market risk. Jensen alpha, on the other hand, informs of the extra return that cannot be explained by the market excess returns. In the downturn, Sharpe and Treynor ratio can be negative, which makes results difficult to interpret. Furthermore, Sharpe ratio does not control for size or any other characteristics. Jensen alpha is much more flexible in that respect, because different models can be used to estimate it. For example, Fama-French three factor model, which controls for size and book to equity values. The shortcoming of both Sharpe ratio and Jensen alpha is that they assume well diversified portfolios. However, Jensen alpha seems an attractive measure, because, as mentioned in Kim et al (2002), unlike other measures it can be tested for statistical significance. F inally, Jensen alpha is the most popular measure in the literature. Taking all the above into consideration, it seems most reasonable to rely on the Jensen alphas. However, the Sharpe ratios were also calculated to see whether they offer similar results. First, Sharpe ratios were computed for all types of REITs and for both periods, using the following formula (based on Sharpe (1964)): The higher the ratio, the better the performance, because a higher return was achieved at a lower risk. The main performance measure is Jensen alpha (Jensen (1968)). Positive (negative) Jensen alpha indicates a superior (inferior) performance relative to the market. Jensen alphas were obtained for each REIT type from two different models: standard CAPM and Fama-French. The latter is preferred, as it was found that it captures the nature of REITs more accurately (for example: Chiang et al (n. d.)). The constant term from each model is the Jensen alpha. The above discussed models are as follows : a) Standard CAPM: The notation is the same as before and is the return on market portfolio at time t b) Fama-French model: Differences in Jensen alphas need to be then tested for statistical significance. First single-factor ANOVA was calculated. After this, non-parametric Moods Median was used to check for robustness (following Benefield et al 2009). The method comes from Brown and Mood (1948). First, Jensen alphas were calculated for each REIT individually and these alphas then entered the ANOVA and Moods tests. Moods test consists in simply calculating how many stocks within each type have a higher or lower/equal Jensen alpha than the overall median of the REIT market. Then a simple ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡2 test with observed and expected values is calculated to test the null hypothesis that medians of Jensen alphas are the same across REIT types. RESULTS Results of the point estimates of Sharpe ratios (using type-portfolios) are presented in Table 3. Sharpe ratios fell dramatically for all REIT types in the CRISIS period, which was expected. Second, rankings for the two periods differ. For example, hotel REITs appear to be the best performing in the PRE-CRISIS period, but they are only 5th during the CRISIS. Nevertheless, no conclusion can be drawn, because no information is available about the statistical significance of these results. Before the crisis all alphas were positive, which indicates superior performance of REITs compared to the market. However only hotel and retail REITs have (marginally) significant alphas and that significance only persists for hotel REITs when Fama-French model is used instead of the CAPM. After/during the crisis all alphas (except the one for industrial REITs) were positive but insignificant at any conventional level. Furthermore, betas are higher for the CRISIS period, regardless of which model is used. In addition, results are similar to Sharpe ratios. The differences between point estimates across types need to be tested for statistical significance. Jensen alpha for each individual REIT were calculated. Then ANOVA and Moods Median test were carried out. In case of ANOVA, the null hypothesis is that mean excess returns are equal across types. In case of Moods test, the null hypothesis is that median excess returns are equal across types. Both tests give similar results the hypothesis that there are no differences in performance across REIT types cannot be rejected for the PRE-CRISIS period at the conventional 5% level. However for the CRISIS period, both tests suggest that the null hypothesis of no differences in performance across types can be rejected at the 5% level. The above is true regardless of whether CAPM or Fama-French model is used. For the analysis to be complete, it is reasonable to check which REIT types are different. Moods Median Test for each pai r of REIT types in the CRISIS period was performed. The null hypothesis in each case is that there is no difference in median Jensen alphas (from the Fama-French model). The results can be found in Table 9. This study investigates whether there are any differences in the performance of different property-types of REITs. The contribution of this paper is to analyse the question in the light of the recent crisis and compare the results to the ones obtained for the preceding period. Two measures of performance were used: Sharpe ratio and Jensen alpha. In order to test the significance of the differences across types, ANOVA and Moods Median Test methodologies were used. In addition, Jensen alpha was obtained from two models CAPM and Fama-French. Sharpe ratios seem to indicate different rankings of different types of REITs before and during/after the crisis. Jensen alphas are mostly positive in both periods, but many of them are insignificant. The results suggest no differences in pe rformance across property-types of REITs before the crisis. However during and after the crisis, healthcare and residential REITs outperform other types. Future research could focus on understanding the exact causes of these results. For example it could be resolved whether low levels of debt or the healthcare reform were the causes of healthcare REITs performance. Moreover, types could be broken down into subtypes to better understand the nature of the problem.

Susan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers - 878 Words

Throughout history, there has been a blatant difference in the world’s perception of the hierarchical standings of men and women. In many regards, men are viewed as superior to women. Because progress towards equality between the sexes has been made, it may be difficult for one to imagine the stark differences in the standards of which men and women were held to a century ago. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† Susan Glaspell crafts an intricate portrayal of these differences, but also provides a closer look at interpersonal relationships in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as how one’s atmosphere may affect the mind. Glaspell’s commentary is clear regarding the standing of men and women of the time, with the male characters being in positions of duty and respect, and the female characters being in positions of maintenance. These choices made by Glaspell allow the reader to observe the subtle differences in the sexes’ responsibilities and what they view as important details. This difference results in the male characters of the story believing their opinions hold more weight than those of the female characters. It is understood that the men view the women’s opinions as frivolous when upon observing the kitchen of Minnie Wright, the Sheriff makes the statement, â€Å"Nothing here but kitchen things,† (Glaspell 784). The reader knows the â€Å"kitchen things† eventually tell the tale of the murder of John Wright, but the men are not willing or able to look as closely as Mrs.Show MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1408 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up i n Iowa in the 1800s and 1900s, Susan Glaspell took inspiration for many of her stories from personal experiences. As a former courthouse reporter herself, Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is based largely on her involvement with a murder case and a kitchen she recalled investigating. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† a rendition of her early play, Trifles, focuses on the homicide of an abusive husband by his wife. While the men investigating the case overlook the various signs of abuseRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1174 Words   |  5 Pages A Jury of Her Peers is a short story written by Susan Glaspell in 1917 and follows the investigation of the murder of John Wright, with his wife Minnie Wright being the alleged murderer. Martha and Lewis Hale assist Sheriff Peters and his wife, Mrs. Peters, with investigating the scene of the crime. Throughout the story, women notice significance in their findings, of which the men overlook. The me n have a dismissive attitude towards the women, ignoring their contributions. When the women solveRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers995 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent theme in the 1900’s, during a time when women were often treated as second class citizens to men. Susan Glaspell wrote the play â€Å"Trifles,† in 1916, which portrayed how women’s lives were seen as less significant throughout American society. The following year, Glaspell wrote the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† which was essentially a longer and more detailed version of â€Å"Trifles.† The stories are alike in many societal implications, since â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† was based off of â€Å"TriflesRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is now known as a feminist classic. Susan Glaspell first published the play â€Å"Trifles† in 1916 and was adapted to the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† in 1917. The story was rediscovered in the early 1970s, since then it has been reprinted into textbooks and anthologies. It is said that while Glaspell was working as a reporter she was inspired to write â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† The stories are inspired by a real murder case she was covering. TheRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers999 Words   |  4 PagesFrom beginning to end, Susan Glaspell’s 1917 short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† has several repetitive patterns and symbols that help the reader gain a profound understanding of how hard life is for women at the turn-of-the-century, as well as the bonds women share. In the story two women go with their husbands and county attorney to a remote house where Mr. Wright has been killed in his bed with a rope and he suspect is Minnie, his wife. Early in the story, Mrs. Hale sympathizes with Minnie andRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Ju ry Of Her Peers1841 Words   |  8 PagesName: ZaZa Horton Professor: Leblanc Course: Anicent Woman in Greece 20 April 2015 Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† is a short story that revolves around the strange death of john wright. It is a piece of work that exposes sexism on women. Women have been categorized for some time now based on their gender and not on ability and skills. They have always fell at the short end of the stick when compare against men. Nevertheless, there were many similarities as well asRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesSusan Glaspell was a prolific author, playwright, journalist and novelist in the early 1900s. Early in her career as a reporter she wrote many articles including the newspaper coverage of a murder trial known as the Hossack Case when she worked for The Des Moines Daily News in Des Moines, Iowa. This murder trial was a much publicized event in which a woman, Margaret Hossack, was accused of murdering her prosperous husband on the couple’s farm in Des Moines. In t hese newspaper articles dated fromRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesdefined as the treatment of someone or something with due fairness, but the fairness of a situation is often seen differently, depending upon the viewer. In Susan Glaspell’s, A Jury of Her Peers, the idea of who is capable to fairly judge a person, and therefore serve justice, is examined through the arrest of Mrs. Minnie Wright for the murder of her husband. As the sheriff and others go to the Wrights’ house, the suggestion is made that those empowered by law to cast judgement and those with an understandingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 Pagesof mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlasting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell . Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is also her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disease.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describes the murder of a man, with his wife being the prime suspect. Read MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles And A Jury Of Her Peers984 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† and â€Å"Trifles† are similar in plot, Mustazza’s article, â€Å"Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ and ‘A Jury of Her Peers’† highlights the differences and similarities between the two. Mustazza’s article may help aid readers to understand the differences between Glaspell’s two works and provide understanding as to why Glaspell may have changed the genre and form of the plot. â€Å"Trifles† is a dramatic play whereas â€Å"A Jury of Her P eers† is prose

E-Business for Online Business and Information - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theE-Business for Online Business and Information. Answer: Online retail Amazon Amazon is an e-commerce company. Its headquarters is in Seattle, Washington. Amazon Company was founded in 1994 and is now 23years old. Due to Amazons advance in technology, it rates as the largest online retailer in the world by their total sales and capitalization of its market. The organization operates in the online shopping industry and offers its services worldwide (Laudon and Trever, 2013, pp. 22). The online company deals in Amazon Appstore, Echo, Kindle, web services, and Comixology as its products. Amazon's official website is Amazon. Com. However, it has a separate retail site for countries based at such as Australia with its website as Amazon.au. Amazon offers product shipping to other nations. Currently, Amazon has made plans to purchase a whole foods market by the end of the year. This purchase will be a great challenge to physical stores. Amazon owns over forty subsidiaries. Some of the product lines available at Amazon include consumer electronics, beauty products, groceries, health and personal care items, apparel, and baby products. Amazon gives its users a platform to write their reviews and rate the products on a scale of one to five on the page of each product. Users buying books can use the Amazon's search inside the book feature that allows a search for keywords. Goh, NG, Wong, and Chong, (2017) argues that efficiency of the online delivery services has been greatly influenced by the revolution of technology and now customers can order for deliveries directly from their phones. Customers preferences have also changed as most shopping is now done online with fewer efforts and less cost needed. The article is relevant to this assignment because bricks and mortar are facing competition from the growing online retail and extinction of physical stores feared by Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape ((Goh, NG, Wong, and Chong, 2017, pp.4). The competition posed by more customers now moving toward online shopping on sites such as Amazon According to Shay (2017) the physical stores offer an experience that is different from online stores. One can familiarize with smells such as the bread bakery section in a mall and have face to face interactions with other buyers (Shay, 2017, pp.3). Shays article is relevant to this assignment since online retails also offer technological experience to their customers. The users can view other peoples review on the page products are listed and search for goods by viewing their photos online. Ways to which Amazon can improve Firstly, Amazon should ensure the items listed are of high quality. The company has continually been facing accusations of selling counterfeit items to its buyers from its websites (Sahney, 2015, pp.131). Secondly, Amazon should establish a partnership with more than just one social networking sites to give its link to a wider base of users and make access to its website easier and more convenient for browsers who will just have to click on the provided link. Bibliography Goh, S., NG, S., Wong, S., Chong, L. 2017. Outsourcing to online food delivery services: perspective of FB Business Owners. Journal of internet banking and commerce. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013. E-commerce. Pearson. Sahney, S., 2015. Critical success factors in online retailan application of quality function deployment and interpretive structural modeling. International Journal of Business and Information, 3(1). Shay, C. 2017. 5 Questions with founder of Boulders Sweet Ruckus. Journal of online business and information

The differences between going to university and working after high school graduation free essay sample

Going to university or working after high school graduation After graduating from high school, students have to decide whether to go for higher education in university or start working immediately. This decision will mark an important milestone in their life due to the distinctions between these two options. There are several differences that worth considering. Firstly, knowledge can be seen as an obvious one. Students only learn fundamental knowledge during high school while they can acquire further understanding in their own interested major in university. What they get from high school may not relate to their job; by contrast, in university they are trained to work in particular fields such as science, law, economics, etc. In addition, exposing early to the real working world helps them gain more practical experiences compared with university life. Working after high school also differs from studying in university mentioning to financial aspects. Instead of earning a living and becoming independent of parents, students have to pay for tuition fees, living cost for at least 4 years before get a full time job and live on their own. We will write a custom essay sample on The differences between going to university and working after high school graduation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of future career, low education level means difficulties in salary and employment. On the other hand, having a bachelor’s degree will ensure a well-paid job and the chance of gaining promotion in the future. In conclusion, going to university or working after high school graduation will drive students’ life into two separate ways in regard to knowledge and financial aspects. It is very important for each individual to ponder before choosing the most suitable path to success in the future.

The Great Gatsby †Unchained Love

The Great Gatsby – Unchained Love Free Online Research Papers Imagine being lost into a relationship where you could not truly show your love for someone due to their prior engagement. Now think of that same relationship if it were mostly non existent and just remained a figment of what could happen. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, a man builds his life, his meaning, and his value as a person for the name of an unchained love for a married woman. The story itself shows symbolism of the corruption of marriage rather then the structure of love. Jay Gatsby is a man who knows right from wrong but teeters on the line of each. Rising from poverty to a life of wealth, he makes it into a lavish lifestyle from the production and selling of alcohol as well as other organized crime acts. But with his drive for riches comes a deeper drive for love. Jay has a deep infatuation, almost an obsession, with a woman he met as a young soldier named Daisy. In order to get better acquainted with Daisy, Gatsby lies about his past, his family, and his upbringing in order to win her name. She promises him that upon his return from World War I that she will marry him, only to in turn Tom Buchanan. Now before the actual plotline of The Great Gatsby begins, conflict has already risen. Jay Gatsby has created an illusion for himself to project unto his character, to only be put into a second place position behind another man. The thin line that Gatsby stands on is now consumed more so by doing wrong as his lies persuade him into a life of crime. Gatsbys life spirals into a series of fortune as his falling for crime and love make deepen his riches. What has arisen now is the potential question of if the love he had for Daisy is what drove Gatsby to crime, lies, or success. Perhaps in some hidden meaning, his love drove him to all three and maybe even a quarter of madness. His passion for Daisy sparked a relationship that could have been, but hi s willingness to get her back perhaps is what completely develops the focus point of the story thus calling for a symbol of ironic love in the hands of fortune. He stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seawardand distinguished nothing except a single green light,minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.(Fitzgerald 26) The color green is heavily emphasized in the story for many reasons. Green is well known as the color of envy. The character of the abusive Tom Buchanan would display an envious nature during the rightful suspicion of his wife Daisy and Jay Gatsbys possible infidelity. Toms green with envy nature drives him to convince Mr.Wilson to wrongfully kill Gatsby after the death of his wife Myrtle. Green would also be known as a symbol for greed in this story. In some format the greed of Jay is what allows him to be put in a predicament of danger leading to his ultimate downfall. Had he been more reasonable with his relationship with Daisy then much of the turn of events in the story would have been different and possibly lead to his dream of being with Daisy. Green is also known as a color of healing. Reflecting for Daisy, she could possibly be healing from a disasterous relationship with Tom or could be healing from the relationship that once was with Jay Gatsby. In either scenario,she is seen as not willing to have much of a stand on either as she is driven by others decisions and allow them to reflect her own thoughts and values. In conclusion, the belief system that love is what forever produces happiness shows fault in The Great Gatsby. A mans truly driven obsession for a woman drives him into disowning his family, a life of crime, as well as his own death. The woman in turn is somewhat allowed to live happily ever after with her husband. In hinesight as both Daisy and Tom lost the people they were unfaithful with, perhaps it is seen as a bridging of their own relationship and what was burroughed to make it into a potential harness of a lost willingness to feel open and honest with the other partner.As all three characters own troubling natures eventually draw their own conclusions, a corrupted marriage allows the love of Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan to arise, only to be driven down into a peridox of envy,hardships, and a cruel twist of fate. Research Papers on The Great Gatsby - Unchained LoveThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Hess Law Lab Report Essays

Hess Law Lab Report Essays Hess Law Lab Report Paper Hess Law Lab Report Paper The literature value tort the enthalpy change of the last reaction which was provided by our teacher is -97 k mol-l Agreeing this value, our result can be considered accurate. As told at the beginning of this lab report, our aim of this experiment was to test the validity of Hes law which suggests that the enthalpy change of a reaction must be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the other reactions that elate to the original reaction. Our result achieved from this experiment is the simple proof of Hes LaWs validity. Even though the result of an experiment is accurate and matches the literature value, it does not mean that there were no mistakes made. As the difference Of the percentage uncertainty and the percentage error suggests there were random errors made. First of them was the heat energy lost to the surrounding environment during the experiment process taking place. This caused the recorded highest temperature to be smaller than he actual highest temperature that was meant to reach. This could have been prevented by adding in more and perfect insulators to minimize the heat loss to the surroundings and maximize the highest temperature that can be reached. Another random error was could have been the absorption of the damp in the air by the Noah pellets, increasing the pellets mass and affecting our final results. In addition, lack of time can be considered as a factor that affects the accuracy. More trials would have made the experiment more accurate.

Indian space program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Indian space program - Essay Example However, there was another country, which made the dream of going to space its own, and this was a developing nation situated in Asia, known by the name ‘India.’ The Indians, although lagging in terms of national progress and technological advancement, still developed their own space technology and finally sent their first human to space shortly after the same was done by the former mentioned countries. Since then India has dedicated its time and efforts to strenuously enhance in the field of space technology and reach further heights, which decades ago, was not even imagined of. Pallava Bagla, one of India’s prominent science commentators, and author of ‘Destination Moon: India’s Quest for Moon, Mars and Beyond’ highlights that where it was the â€Å"US against the Soviets† in the last century’s space race, however, in the present century this space race means â€Å"India against China (Burke, 2013: 1). The topic of space travel and allied programmes in the context of the world in general and India in particular assumes great scope in the present day, as it may pave the way for future progress on various aspects. Besides, India is a nation that always strives to forge friendly relations with other countries, especially the UK and US. Therefore, it is also a topic relevant to the present global political environment. Literature Review: In order to gain extensive knowledge on the present space programmes in India and to attain an overall idea of their space capabilities, it is necessary to review the information by analysing the literature published on the topic in reliable sources. This, apart from providing evidence on the existing knowledge that the researcher possesses, will also enable to reveal additional aspects of the topic that the researcher may not be aware of. Therefore, a literature review has been conducted, which has enabled the research to gain the following information, which is arranged in different sections as under. Historical Background of Indian Space Programme: Indian Space Programme found its origins in â€Å"Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR),† which was formed under the â€Å"Department of Atomic Energy in 1962† (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The first official undertaking of the Indian Space Programme took place on an auspicious November day in the year 1963, with the launch of the â€Å"first sounding rockets† that aimed to investigate the earth’s ionosphere (Outcome Budget of the Department of Space Government of India 2013: 1). The launch took place at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, situated in Thiruvananthapuram, which is the capital city of a major south Indian state. Later on, in 1967, the â€Å"Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES)† was set up in â€Å"Ahmedabad† (Dadhwal 2013: 2). The year 1969 saw the transformati on of the space program into a concrete organization, which came to be known as the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Thus, with the formation of the ISRO, India was able to take its space endeavours to the next level, and this was further enhanced with the constitution of the Indian Space Commission as well as the establishment of the Department of Space (DoS) in 1972. India owes the groundwork of its space endeavours to Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, â€Å"

Play Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Play Experiences - Essay Example Much of a child’s early learning is gained though play. Though to children, play is mainly a source of fun but is important to note that play is a fundamental learning process. According to children, play is just but a fun tool which takes many forms and aimed at achieving pleasure. It is the pleasure driven from plays which acts as the driving force behind the repetitiveness nature of plays. With repetition in the play comes mastery which brings a greater degree of confidence and accomplishment of the acts. Depending on the personalized needs and circumstances, children engages in a range of plays which include; solitary, onlooker, parallel, and associative. These types of plays are conducted in stages which serve as the complexity stages of play. The initial stage in a play is the sensory exploration manipulation. This takes symbolic form of play through object invention and transformation (Palmer, 2001, p.84). Play enhances a child’s growth through development of int erpersonal, communication, and psycho-motor skills. Through play, children develop cognitive skills as they learn more objective classification skills, problem solving techniques, concept development and creation of sense out of events or things. The development of cognitive skills is made possible through trial and error act of play commonly practiced by children. Besides, cognitive skills are acquired in the play through goal planning and decisions made by children while playing. The other essential skill developed through play is the motor skills. Through plays, a child may develop coordination and control of muscles which are important in writing, walking, eating and kicking. Plays involving talking, rhyming, singing, or word play help the children to master the sounds and rules of language as they enjoy the fun of playing, hence enhancing their language skills. Through play, children gain emotional and social skills which are essential tools in education (Palmer, 2001, p.48). P lay helps in developing creativity and imagination. It also helps children to acquire social skills like negotiation, cooperation, sharing, expression of emotions, and taking turns. As a child learns about himself/herself and the real world, she/her acquires self-reliance, self-confidence, and self-expression. Home learning patterns Parents could describe the learning patterns of the students as a foundation for future generations. The home based curriculum sets to enhance the education community. It gives a guideline to what needs to be learned by the students as they go through the learning curriculum. With respect to the product model of looking at running programs, parents will be able to assist in defining the individual students with respect to their strengths. It is a classical model in the approach of understanding the curriculum. The curriculum utilizes this model in achieving basic amenities that will assist the students. With the help of this model, the educational system develops a curriculum with a detailed description of the contents of teaching, or syllabi. The teachers are expected to deliver to their pupils through teaching. The model originates from the Classical Tylerian educational rationale, which relates the learning process and teaching as a linear casual relationship (Palmer, 2001, p.95). Countries apply this model in development as it links pre-determined educational objectives to the appropriate sections, which will bring out relevant methods of teaching with the qualities of students and teachers.

The future and technology Essay Example for Free

The future and technology Essay ?Most people have debates on how the present is better than the future or that the future will be better than the present. No one will know which one is better until we figure out what the â€Å"future† is exactly. People imagine that the future is all about flying cars and robots, which seems to blow our minds in a positive way. The question is, does the future hold up to what it seems to be? Our world today is a better place for us with many reasons. As our world advance in technology, we as people decrease in communication skills. Throughout the years more and more technology is coming out, like cell phones and game systems. As more technology comes out, people tend to get attached to that and forget about important things. Cell phones are becoming so advanced to where we don’t have to see the other person we are talking to. We can just message them in many different ways such as texting, video chat, email, social networks, or by a simple phone call. This is decreasing our social skills, which isn’t good for many reasons like job interviews, college classes and other reasons. With all this technology coming out people lose their integrity. People expect things to be at their fingertips when they need something. If you need to research a topic, you can have it in a matter of seconds with the use of your phone. Libraries are rarely visited, to look things up in books since everyone has mini computers in the palm of their hands. People no longer have to work hard and put their blood and sweat into projects, everything is a few clicks away. Humans cannot live without technology, we have adapted to it being so convenient for our use to where we’ve become attached to it. As it advances, everyone becomes lazier. Soon there will be inventions we would’ve never guessed could be possible. Kids don’t get the exercise they need because they have all these new inventions like cell phones, game systems, and television they can do instead. Since technology is very common, kids are getting cell phones at younger ages. This causes them to not have a full childhood and to be influenced by older teens easier. They also have game systems and television that they can play and watch all day instead of going outside and being a kid, which leads to obesity and laziness. As technology advances, so does the price. The newer items everyone wants become more expensive since they’re new. In return people feel the need to purchase these items that in reality they can’t afford. More inventions, leads to more money spent, which leads to poverty for many families. Especially since our world today is already struggling with economy and money issues. It is only going to get worse. Some technology can be a good thing, it will always be there to help us, make things easier, and do things for us. Inventions make people’s jobs easier. That isn’t always a positive thing though. There are pros and cons to it, but we as humans abuse the use of technology. It can help us to a certain extent. Doctors use technology for researching diseases and their cures. Scientists run experiments to find things out about space or our history. Little technology can ruin us humans, the more it advances, the more we rely on it for everything, which causes humans to forget the ways of life that have led us to where we are at today.

Iago: Suffering Through Evil Essay -- Literary Analysis

What is it that makes a person evil? Is it their actions, their words, or their thoughts? Is it more acceptable if â€Å"the end justifies the means†? Telling a lie that doesn’t have a negative effect on anyone, and that saves someone grief, is considered good. So why is killing someone to save others considered bad? The morality of an action is based solely on the outcome. Thus, doing anything whatsoever that is required to get the desired result, regardless of the methods used, would be considered â€Å"ok† if the result was of a good nature. Human nature is hardwired in us through the brain. So, human nature, being good or evil, is hardwired in us as well. It is our choice whether or not to act on these thoughts of sinful nature. For Iago, he not only thinks about crude things he also acts upon those thoughts. The actions of a military warrior, executed in normal society, show the â€Å"ethical blindness† of a man with no filter of morality (). The soldier’s jealousy converges with his personal injustice to direct his passion of hate towards the Moor. Iago accuses Othello of having relations with his wife, and that Othello has not given him the correct rank that he has earned after years of service at Othello’s side. Iago had devoted his intelligence and efficiency to good and, from that he gained nothing. Othello gave the lieutenant ship to Cassio and thus turned Iago’s jealousy towards Cassio as well. After this, he changes his course of action to obtaining his own personal interpretation of justice. Even though Iago is intelligent, crafty, and subtle he can’t control his jealous suspicions that â€Å"Othello has played him false with Emilia† (McCloskey). Iago then goes on to state his plot to get revenge, â€Å"nothing can or shall content my sou... ...e can’t effectively foresee the events coming to him (McCloskey). The irony of his quest of justice and revenge is that he suffers in the end. Works Cited Abnernethy, Julian W. "Honest Iago." Jstor: The Sweannee Review. The John Hopkins University Press. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. Backpack Literature. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2012. 762-875. Print. West, Fred. â€Å"Iago the Psychopath.† South Atlantic Modern Language Association. South Atlantic Bulletin. 43.2 (1978): 27-35. Web 11 Apr. 2012.. McCloskey, John C. "The Motivation of Iago." National Council of Teachers of English . 3.1 (1941): 25-30. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . Machiavelli’s The Prince a summary with quotations

Of Mice and Men †Critique Essay

Of Mice and Men, directed by Gary Sinise, is a four star movie compared to the book, written by John Steinbeck in 1937. The movie was produced 55 years later in 1992, yet still captures the faithful companionship between George and Lennie. Sinise also manages to depict Steinbeck’s main themes and develops the characters almost up to the same level. The first difference I would like to explain to prospective audiences is how director Gary Sinise adapts the movie Of Mice and Men to viewers’ preferences and excludes John Steinbeck’s literary sense and purpose. For example, Steinbeck starts the novel with a scene after they have run away from a ranch because of a mishap with Lennie accidentally harassing a woman. Sinise begins with the scene just before- when Lennie and George are actually running away from the ranch owners, equipped with horses and dogs, to save their lives. The working scenes have been lengthened to show the audience the exhausting labor of the ranch hands. It is â€Å"dumb-proofed† for the viewers in order to keep them interested and attached to the film. The aspects of filming, of course, differ from the aspects of the imagination. Gary Sinise must use his own imagination and construct those images into reality on film. He has to cast the actors according to skill and appearance, develop scenes to suit the common people’s taste, he must worry about costumes, makeup, shooting, sets, set changes, time spans†¦ and the most stressful of them all, working with other people to illustrate his view of Of Mice and Men. One can’t be too harsh in critiquing a movie when its predecessor is a novel by John Steinbeck. There can be, naturally, absolutely no comparison to the human imagination, but Sinise does it with only a few imperfections and adjustments to the plot. Let me commence with Sinise’s choice of casting. Lennie, played by John Malkovich, maintains the childlike, simple character Steinbeck creates in his novel. Other film critics might disagree with me, but I believe that Malkovich was entirely convincing thro ughout his performance. George, played by Gary Sinise himself (and I must say that he must be partially â€Å"self-satisfied† to cast himself) was a confusing actor at times, changing his relationship to Lennie on several different occasions. He is, on one hand, very harsh towards Lennie and tells him what to do and what not to do, basically being domineering. On the other hand, however, George seems to be very compassionate and caring in his relationship with Lennie. Honestly, I was confused. Does George really want Lennie around, or is he just loyal to his promise to Lennie’s aunt, Clara? Who is George? Hopefully you can comprehend this sporadic behavior, because I certainly have not. An example of this is when George cleans the blood off of Lennie’s face after a fight- his movements are gentle and kind, whereas when George forces Lennie to stay at the ranch while ‘the guys’ go out for a drink. His attitudes in these two incidents are totally opposing each other. At least in Steinbeck’s book it was clear that although George was officious, he loved him. George’s annoyance is weaker than his profound unity and one-ness with him. Curley’s wife is described as a very racist, harmful, flirtatious person, who is all too aware of her power and consequently abuses it. For example, she threatens an innocent Crooks, â€Å"‘Listen, Nigger,’ she said, ‘You know what I can do to you if you open your trap?'†1 Sinise’s depiction of her in the movie, however, is not as despicable. She holds a pitiable role and always is portrayed as the victim. The audience begins to sympathize with her, although, in the book, she was the one to initiate all the trouble. Curley’s wife, in the novel, abused Lennie’s stupidity and the fact that he was fascinated by her- Sinise shows the opposite in the movie, because he represents her attraction to Lennie as one of friendship. Sinise also had to think about the skill of his actors. It seemed as though Sinise chose the actors well, because they fundamentally illustrated the feelings of the director and how he wanted to have the characters form relationships and emotions. Although the casting and level of skill was satisfactory, Sinise sometimes made scenes too extensive and irrelevant to the topic of the book. For example, when Lennie kills the puppy in the barn, he does not throw it away as he does in the book. Another similar difference is when Lennie accidentally kills Curley’s wife by breaking her neck and he does not cover her in the hay, also left out from the novel. This is a mistake, because concealing the puppy and Curley’s wife shows that Lennie is remorseful of the acts he has committed, and in the movie it is not shown like that. Sinise must also consider camera shooting. Obviously camera shots are not as effective as the descriptions in the book, because you can picture what you want, and not only what the director guesses you will want to see. Sinise, as all directors, tells the audience what to imagine. Therefore it is not as interesting as reading the book yourself and letting your imagination grow. So, if I were to recommend this movie to you, I would recommend reading the novel first. Reading Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck will show you what I am talking about in the movie. Because Steinbeck’s intentions are slightly altered in the film, you can fully appreciate this piece of theater whilst valuing the literature it sprung from. Sinise changes feelings, maybe not intentionally, but however hard he tried, he didn’t succeed perfectly. I won’t be too critical- perhaps he had to make cuts which thus excluding important relationship formations or conclusions. Overall the movie was good, but the book is of no comparison. Read Steinbeck’s version first, then decide for yourself. Me? I’m only one opinion. 1 John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Penguin Books, (c)1937, London, England. Page 80.

In what ways did popular culture Essay

The entertainment profiteers encouraged a â€Å"fai ade of classlessness† which would â€Å"undermine working class solidarity† 3. This was not good for socialism; for a socialist state to emerge, the workers themselves need to take control. Socialism rests on the premise that the proletariat should be aware and proud of their background, and certainly not aspire to join the middle classes, the ones who are expected to be overthrown. It’s interesting that the recommended alternatives to commercial entertainment, put foreword by socialists in the late 19th century, were often related to the natural countryside. For example, the â€Å"Clarion† (The weekly socialist paper founded in 1891 by Robert and Montague Blatchford and influenced by the ideas of William Morris) soon became a movement with its own hiking, climbing and cycling clubs. This leisurely, back to nature approach was intended to promote a healthy life and portray its followers as energetic campaigners, who could turn their backs on the urban squalor. According to David Prynn, such groups â€Å"expressed a revulsion against the ugliness and anonymity of urbanised, industrial society, and a deep reverence for nature†4. Nowhere were the negative effects of capitalism more visible than in the industrial towns and Engels describes this in detail in â€Å"The Condition Of The Working Class In England†. British socialists were likely to have been influenced by this key Marxist text. However, despite the popularity of the Clarion clubs, the easy availability and convenience of commercial entertainment must have played a part in preventing more from joining. Why would somebody, after a hard week’s work, want to travel out of the town when the pub, theatre or football ground was just round the corner? And the energetic nature of socialist pastimes (such as choir singing, cycling, hiking) did not really lend itself to the physically demanding shifts in the factories, mines and mills. Music Music hall entertainment was another realm of commercial recreation considered by socialist thinking as unhealthy passive entertainment. The gulf between performer on the stage and paying spectator in the audience discouraged the working class from making their own music. To socialists, â€Å"the commercial revolution had eradicated a viable popular musical culture†5. Music halls were seen as a threat to local performers and travelling showmen. Music played an important part in socialist circles, as it was recognised as arguably the most popular form of entertainment. Alternatives to Music hall shows were group choirs (For example, the nationwide Clarion Vocal Union) and sing-along political compositions, which not only emphasised community spirit by encouraging participation, but also were seen as essential for propaganda value, the lyrics instilling in people the ideas of the socialist cause. Music hall attendance, and the nature of the entertainment there, was therefore viewed as counter-productive to the cause. The music hall acts themselves would tend to reaffirm bourgeoisie values by reflecting everyday life and the songs could hardly be considered as inflammatory. According to John Kenrick: â€Å"With women and children in the audience, the material was never more than mildly risqui. The songs were mostly sentimental and/or comic takes on everyday life, as well as spoofs of the rich and famous. â€Å"6 Furthermore, the diversity and variation of music hall acts was not good for creating a â€Å"common musical heritage†7, which was seen as important in cementing working-class unity. Folk songs were added to the socialist repertoire, considered to be timeless songs of the people. Conclusion The rising popularity of British socialism and its accompanying clubs and associations demonstrates that the working classes were not entirely diverted away from socialism, as this essay question suggests. Socialism (which, after all, was a new idealism in the late 19th century, and was born in the midst of the fastest growing industrial nation in the world and found itself having to compete with that nations capitalist values) never went away and continued to grow in strength through the next century. However, forces existed, of which commercial entertainment was one, which prevented socialism from being as popular as it might have been. As sport and leisure became new fields of investment for entrepreneurs, capitalism became an even bigger part of life for the masses. The money they made from wages was put back into the system via paid-for entertainment. The other reasons that Socialists were unable to win over more of the masses could be linked to the types of leisure activities they put foreword. These activities were physically demanding, as I have already explained, but also they were arguably the type of leisure enjoyed by the middle classes. The unintended result of this was that movements like Blatchford’s tended to attract more middle class socialists, and had less appeal to the working classes. Socialists advocated leisure time spent in the countryside; but to travel out of the city every weekend could also have been regarded as the privilege of the middle class. Perhaps socialists needed to start their campaigns from within the towns where the workers lived, not from outside them. Word count = 1560 Bibliography Waters, C: â€Å"British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture† Manchester University press, 1990 Prynn, D: â€Å"The Clarion Clubs, Rambling and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890’s† Journal of Contemporary History 11,1976 Benson, J: â€Å"The Working Class in England 1875 – 1914† Croom Helm, 1985 Marx and Engels : â€Å"The Manifesto of the Communist Party† Progress, 1952 Engels, F : â€Å"The Condition Of The Working Class In England† Oxford University Press, 1993 John Kenrick: â€Å"The British Music Hall† http://www. musicals101. com/musichall. htm James Sotheran SOCHI2036 IN WHAT WAYS DID POPULAR CULTURE AND PEOPLE’S PASTIMES DIVERT THE WORKING CLASS AWAY FROM SOCIALISM? Module Leader: Ray Physick 1 Waters, C: â€Å"British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture† Manchester University press, 1990, (P. 23) 2 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 44-50) 3 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 40) 4 Prynn, D: â€Å"The Clarion Clubs, Rambling and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890’s Journal of Contemporary History 11,1976 (P. 65) 5 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 103) 6 John Kenrick: â€Å"The British Music Hall† http://www. musicals101. com/musichall. htm 7 Same as â€Å"1† (P. 105).

Slave Poet Phillis Wheatley - An Analysis of Her Poems

Slave Poet Phillis Wheatley - An Analysis of Her Poems Critics have differed on the contribution of Phillis Wheatleys poetry to Americas literary tradition. Most critics agree that the fact that someone called slave  could write and publish poetry at that time and place is itself noteworthy in history. Some, including Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush, wrote their positive assessments of her poetry. Others, like Thomas Jefferson, dismissed her poetrys quality. Critics through the decades have also been split on the quality and importance of her poems. Restraint What can be said is that the poems of Phillis Wheatley display a classical quality and restrained emotion. Many deal with pietistic Christian sentiments. In many, Wheatley uses classical mythology and ancient history as allusions, including many references to the muses as inspiring her poetry. She speaks to the white establishment, not to fellow slaves nor, really, for them. Her references to her own situation of enslavement are restrained. Was Phillis Wheatleys restraint simply a matter of imitating the style of poets popular in that time? Or was it in large part because, in her enslaved condition, Phillis Wheatley could not express herself freely? Is there an undertone of critique of slavery as an institution beyond the simple reality that her own writing proved that enslaved Africans could be educated and could produce at least passable writings? Certainly, her situation was used by later abolitionists and Benjamin Rush in an anti-slavery essay written in her own lifetime to prove their case that education and training could prove useful, contrary to allegations of others. Published Poems In the published volume of her poems, there is that attestation of many prominent men that they are acquainted with her and her work. On the one hand, this emphasizes how unusual was her accomplishment, and how suspicious most people would be about its possibility. But at the same time, it emphasizes that she is known by these people an accomplishment in itself, which many of her readers could not share. Also in this volume, an engraving of Phillis Wheatley is included as a frontispiece. This emphasizes her color and, by her clothing, her servitude, and her refinement and comfort. But it also shows a slave and woman at her desk, emphasizing that she can read and write. She is caught in a pose of contemplation perhaps listening for her muses but this also shows that she can think an accomplishment which some of her contemporaries would find scandalous to contemplate. A Look at One Poem A few observations about one poem may demonstrate how to find a subtle critique of slavery in Phillis Wheatleys poetry. In just eight lines, Wheatley describes her attitude towards her condition of enslavement both coming from Africa to America, and the culture that considers her color so negatively. Following the poem (from Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773), are some observations about its treatment of the theme of slavery: On being brought from Africa to America.TWAS mercy brought me from my Pagan land,Taught my benighted soul to understandThat theres a God, that theres a Saviour too:Once I redemption neither sought nor knew,Some view our sable race with scornful eye,Their colour is a diabolic die.Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,May be refind, and join th angelic train. Observations Wheatley begins by crediting her slavery as a positive because it has brought her to Christianity. While her Christian faith was surely genuine, it was also a safe subject for a slave poet. Expressing gratitude for her enslavement may be unexpected to most readers.The word benighted is an interesting one: it means overtaken by night or darkness or being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness. Thus, she makes her skin color and her original state of ignorance of Christian redemption parallel situations.She also uses the phrase mercy brought me and the title on being brought deftly down-playing the violence of the kidnapping of a child and the voyage on a slave ship, so as to not seem a dangerous critic of slavery, but at the same time crediting not the slave trade, but (divine) mercy with the act. This could be read as denying the power to those human beings who kidnapped her and subjected her to the voyage and to her subsequent sale and submission.She credits mercy with her vo yage but also with her education in Christianity. Both were actually at the hands of human beings. In turning both to God, she reminds her audience that there is a force more powerful than they are a force that has acted directly in her life. She cleverly distances her reader from those who view our sable race with scornful eye perhaps thus nudging the reader to a more critical view of slavery or at least a more positive view of those who are slaves.Sable as a self-description of her color is a very interesting choice of words. Sable is very valuable and desirable. This characterization contrasts sharply to the diabolic die of the next line.Diabolic die may also be a subtle reference to another side of the triangle trade which includes slaves. At about that same time, the Quaker leader John Woolman is boycotting dyes in order to protest slavery.In the second-to-last line, the word Christian is placed ambiguously. She may either be addressing her last sentence to Christians or she may be including Christians in those who may be refined and find salvation.She reminds her reader that Negroes may be saved (in the religious and Christian understanding of salvation).The implication of her last sentence is also this: the angel ic train will include both white and black. In the last sentence, she uses the verb remember implying that the reader is already with her and just needs the reminder to agree with her point.She uses the verb remember in the form of a direct command. While echoing Puritan preachers in using this style, Phillis Wheatley is also taking on the role of one who has the right to command: a teacher, a preacher, even perhaps a master or mistress. About Slavery in Wheatleys Poetry In looking at Wheatleys attitude towards slavery in her poetry, its also important to note that most of Phillis Wheatleys poems do not refer to her condition of servitude at all. Most are occasional pieces, written on the death of some notable or on some special occasion. Few refer directly and certainly not this directly to her personal story or status.

Polonium Facts - Elements Are Interesting

Polonium Facts - Elements Are Interesting Polonium is a rare radioactive semi-metal or metalloid. The toxic element is believed to have caused the death of former intelligence agent, Alexander Litvinenko, in November 2006. Polonium is a radioactive element that occurs naturally in the environment at very low levels or can be produced in a nuclear reactor. PhysicalProperties of Polonium Polonium-210 emits alpha particles, which can damage or destroy genetic material inside of cells. Isotopes that emit alpha particles are toxic if they are ingested or inhaled because the alpha particles are very reactive, but polonium isnt absorbed through the skin, nor does the alpha radiation penetrate deeply. Polonium generally is considered toxic only if taken internally (breathing, eating, through an open wound). Marie and Pierre Curie discovered polonium in 1897.  Marie Curie  named polonium for her homeland, Poland. Polonium dissolves readily in dilute acids. Po-210 readily becomes airborne and is soluble enough to circulate through body tissues.  Polonium is the only component of cigarette smoke to produce cancer in laboratory animals. The polonium in tobacco is absorbed from phosphate fertilizers. A lethal amount of ingested polonium is 0.03 microcuries, which is a particle weighing 6.8 x 10-12 g (very small). Pure polonium is a silvery-colored solid. Mixed or alloyed with beryllium, polonium can be used as a portable neutron source. Polonium is used as a neutron trigger for nuclear weapons, in making photographic plates, and to reduce static charges in industrial applications such as textile mills.

A case in point was DMG's campaign for Volkswagen Study

A in point was DMG's campaign for Volkswagen - Case Study Example For example, DMG’s founder, Dan Mintz soon realized that China is a highly conservative society where people and businesses are controlled by stringent rules and restrictions as opposed to most Western cultures (Chiang, 2000).Consequently any business that would have tried to obey all the regulations and rules rather than find a way around them would have probably failed to achieve its objectives because in China, restrictions are virtually everywhere. There are a number of serious ethical issues that are likely to arise when using guanxiwang as a means of getting things done in the Chinese society. For example, the reciprocal nature of relationships and connections involved can potentially pose a serious ethical challenge in the event that a partner requests the business to return a favor. This therefore suggests that a Western business that is committed to ethical standards should always set some limits when using guanxiwang to ensure that it does not amount to

Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genocide - Essay Example This document distinguishes several types of perpetrators and their involvement in genocide through examples. It also defines the content of the crime according to the international law and the convention towards the prevention and punishment of genocide. Finally, the different kinds of genocide based on their intent as retributive, cultural, latent, optimal, and utilitarian are discussed. Most people in the society tend to use the general concepts such as mass murder and massacre, while referring to genocide. They may also associate the delivery of justice with the local governments after the crime, since they have no idea of the international protection by the law. Genocide is a crime defined in the international criminal law, and is currently handled by the International Criminal Court (ICC), based in the Netherlands at Hague. The ICC aims to protect the potential victims, bring to trial or apprehend suspected perpetrators, while giving justice to the affected in the society. Several international organizations define the crime based on destruction targeting a particular group of people within a domain; however, what distinguishes the crime from others is the motivation behind it. According to Rummel (2002), history shows different situations where people had been murdered under the authority of their rulers and governments, either in war or by strict instructions given to exterminate rebellious groups; even though, legal application of the term ‘Genocide’ came into use first in the indictment of the Nazi war criminals, at Nuremburg tribunal between 1945 and 1946, in association with Raphael Lemkin. Although the ICC is an independent judicial system, it works closely with the United Nations to uphold human rights and campaign against genocide. The crime of genocide is not limited to mass killings but it covers a wide scope. It is defined in the international law in the convention on the prevention and punishment

The Good and Bad of Audi Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Good and Bad of Audi - Case Study Example The founders then moved to Ingolstadt in Bavaria and formed the Auto Union in 1949, with loans from the Bavarian state government and Marshall Plan aid. In 1969 Audi Union merged with the world's largest motorcycle producer, NSU - the company was now known as Audi NSU Auto Union AG. Audi emerged as a separate brand. Then Volkswagen introduced Audi 1970 models to the United States. Nowadays Audi is a global developer and producer of high quality cars with production sites in Germany, Hungary, China, Belgium and India. In 2008, Audi sold a total of 1,003,000 cars, setting up a record for the thirteenth consecutive year. Audi is a premium member of the Volkswagen Group and it is interesting to note that technologies are first introduced into the mass market in Audi vehicles. Thereafter they conveyed to the more value oriented brands such as Volkswagen, Seat and Skoda. Audi is aware of the fact that consumers do not buy cars for rational reasons. Therefore, Audi moved ahead as a serious competitor in the global luxury segment in the early 1990s and now offers a wide variety of premium vehicles, the most famous of which is the Audi TT, launched in 1999. This car was designed for people with passion. There were other Audi models that appealed to the emotions, like the Audi A8, which was launched in 2003. In 2004 Audi launched the S4 convertible with a soft top and a 4.2 litre V8 engine for outstanding performance. The Audi A6 was also launched in 2004 and was extremely competitive in the executive segment. A more recent technology introduced by Audi is that of the Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) engines and the quick shifting dual-clutch gearbox (DSG). Currently, Audi is launching the most efficient standard sized sedan, the A4 2.0 TDT e with fuel consumption of 4.6 litres per 100 km and a carbon dioxide exhaust emission of 119 grams per hundred kilometers. This sedan features stop/start technology and a brake recovery energy system and comes with low resistance tires. QUALITY PROBLEMS In 2003 and 2004 the Volkswagen group ordered massive recalls involving various brands. One of these cases was a recall of 850,000 vehicles of VW, Audi, Skoda and Seat with 1.8 litre turbo engines, V5, V6 and V8

Innovator of the Modern Art Essay Example for Free

Innovator of the Modern Art Essay Jackson became one of the trendsetters of the modern art movement. His technique, materials and perception of art distinguished him from other equally talented 20th century artists. The artworks that he produced represented his enigmatic character. Though many were amused with his painting, there were also those who questioned his artistic talents and knowledge. But he did not let these criticisms compromise his distinct creativity. Pollock was categorized as an Abstract Expressionist artist primarily because of his infamous drip paintings including the â€Å"Convergence†. These drip paintings were painted on a large canvas on the floor. According to Pollock, painting on the floor made him feel closer to his painting. He was able to work on the different angles of the canvass by walking around it. This unusual technique was considered by Pollock as a way of being a part of the painting not just the typical creator of it. The act of letting the the paint drip into the canvass generated prolonged and continuous lines in which the paintings were dominated by white and black and sometimes there were hints of exciting bold colors. In addition, the drips of the paint were able to create a three dimensional effect making it tactile and visually appealing. With regards to the choice of materials, Pollock utilized uncommon paints and brushes. His paints were industrial and household paints that he described as the â€Å"natural growth out of a need † (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What Paint Did Pollock Use? ). Meanwhile, the brushes were deteriorated and hard to let the paint naturally drip down the canvas. Pollock explained his painting method as â€Å"new needs need new techniques† meaning the modern age requires new approaches to reflect its real essence (Boddy-Evans, 2008, What Paint Did Pollock Use? ). References Boddy-Evans, M. ( 2008). What Paint Did Pollock Use?. About Inc. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://painting. about. com/od/colourtheory/a/Pollock_paint. htm.

Compare and Contrast: The Difference Between the United States and Chi

According to Chinese bureau of statistics, some 70% of student who come to the United States from 1978 to 2010 stayed in The United States. The hard choice of whether stay in The United States or come back to China makes more and more Chinese people concentrate on a basic question: what is the difference between The United States and China. Although both The United States and China are world’s major economies, in terms of living and working, The United States has advantages over China in relationship between people, work relationship, and getting information. People in the United States show more trust to each other than people in China do. In the United States, returns of product can be made without receipt. However, in China, to return a product a receipt is required. Shop assistants want to make sure that consumers really bought product from their shop. They take it for granted that all consumers are not honest. According to Peter Hessler, a journalist of New Yorker magazine, after car accidents, American drivers will exchange telephone number for further negotiation. . Chinese driver naturally assume that people will not answer the phone call that calls them to pay money. Instead of telephone numbers, most of the times, drivers exchange cash to resolve the car accident. Chinese driver naturally assume that people will not answer the phone call that calls them to pay money. The difference between windows between the United States and China also indicates the â€Å"trust† difference. Generally, people in the United States live in house with no guard bars fixed inside or outside windows. In contrast, most of Chinese people who live on the first or second floor block windows with guard bars inside or outside the window in case ... ...ticles/2008/12/25/1229998632678.html [Accessed 12 August 2011]. Jiao Guobiao, 2004. Censorship in China. [online] Available at: http://www.international.ucla.edu/asia/article.asp?parentid=18567 [Accessed 10 August 2011]. BBC News, 2002. Bush’s â€Å"evil† comment stirs critics. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1796034.stm [Accessed 2 August 2011]. Macworld, 2011. Reports: Foxconn to close Apple iPhone factories in China: Apple device manufacturer ends suicide payments. [online]Available at: http://mobile.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=3226585 [Accessed 2 August 2011] Kuhn, R. (2010) How China’s Leaders Think. Singapore: Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd.. Hessler, P. (2010) Country Driving: A Journey Through China from Farm to Factory. Translated from English by Li Xueshun. Shanghai: Shanghai Yiwen Publishing

Hemingway vs. Faulkner writing styles

From the post Civil War era in which Faulkner was accustomed, to the early 1920s era of Hemingway ‘s short stories, both authors' focus remains on a similar topic. 0th authors were ealist writers who expressed their concern with the changes happening In America. However, the writing styles in which Hemingway used, compared to Faulkner, show many differences. By comparing the styles of Hemingway and Faulkner, readers find a contrast in the authors' use of sentence structure, word choice, and character development; but overall, they achieve a similar tone. In many of William Faulkner's short stories, such as â€Å"Barn Burning†, the sentence structure is complex; he describes vividly what Is happening by including small details about characters and setting others may find insignificant.Faulkner uses long, complex sentences that contain hyphens and colons to continue his Ideas throughout the sentence. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Faulkner writes â€Å"Now he could hear h is father's stiff foot as it came down on the boards with clockwise finality, a sound out of all proportion to the displacement of the body it bored and which was no dwarfed either by the white door before it as though it had attained to a sort of vicious and ravening minimum not to be dwarfed by anything†¦ â€Å". Faulkner commonly uses great detail to describe even the simple sound of the father's faulty footsteps.Much of detail is unnecessary but adds effect to the sentence. Hemingway, compared to Faulkner, uses short sentences to complete his thoughts. His ideas are expressed bluntly, but the point is clear. Both authors use sentence structure to complete an overall tone in their writing. Both authors achieve a similar tone using sentence structure. Faulkner uses long, detailed sentences to add to the effect of his stories. Hemingway uses short, blunt statements to set the tone. Many of the two author's stories end with the same sad tone. The sentence structure the authors use can carry tone throughout his story as they wish.The word choice of an author determines how a reader interprets the story. William Faulkner uses more complex words than Ernest Hemingway. In Faulkner's stories, the words he chooses often are symbolic in a way. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily' Faulkner writes The word choice in the sentence sets a tone for the story. The word choice Faulkner uses often make up the complex sentences In his stones. HemlngwaVs word choice Is less complicated. His ideas are expressed bluntly through his words. It is easy for the reader to understand Hemingways stories without further interpretation. Hemingway vs.Faulkner writing styles By Icahoon Throughout time, individual authors have crafted varying writing styles that portray s short stories, both authors' focus remains on a similar topic. Both authors were realist writers who expressed their concern with the changes happening in America. vividly what is happening by including small details about cha racters and setting hyphens and colons to continue his ideas throughout the sentence. In â€Å"Barn † The often make up the complex sentences in his stories. Hemingway's word choice is less reader to understand Hemingway's stories without further interpretation.

Nature in Shakespeare’s Sonnets

Nature in Shakespeare’s Sonnets In Shakespeare’s fair youth Sonnets, the speaker uses imagery and metaphors from nature to describe man’s life cycle. While reading the Sonnets, it may seem at first that the main point of the Sonnets is that life’s purpose is to reproduce. However, after reading the fair youth Sonnets, it becomes clear that imagery from nature is used to prove that death is inevitable and should be accepted. The fair youth Sonnets are ordered in a specific way to resemble the life cycle of a man. As the Sonnets progress the overall themes of the sonnets seems to change.This cycle starts off with ‘Sonnet 1’ and ‘Sonnet 3’ and concludes with ‘Sonnet 73’ and ‘Sonnet 74’. Sonnets 1, 3, 7, 15, 60, 73, and 74 are all used to show this life cycle and its progression through life. In ‘Sonnet 1’ and ‘Sonnet 3’ it is clear that the speaker is attempting to get the point acr oss that reproduction is life’s only purpose. However, in ‘Sonnet 16’ – ‘Sonnet 73’ it is obvious that the theme changes drastically. No longer is reproduction the main point, but it changes to death and its inevitability.Throughout the Sonnets, nature is used as a comparison to help the speaker explain life in a way that helps the reader understand the true life cycle of man. It is understandable that death is inevitable for every living thing in nature. Reproduction is also required for every living thing to exist. In Sonnet 1 the speaker wants the reader to know that life is beautiful and reproduction is a result of that; â€Å"From fairest creatures we desire increase/That thereby beauty’s rose might never die/But as the riper should time decrease/His tender heir might bear his memory† (Sonnet 1 L. -3). The beauty of a rose is being compared to the beauty of man’s ability to reproduce and pass on the ‘fairest,â⠂¬â„¢ or beautiful, genes. In nature a beautiful rose can stand out among the brush in a forest, or in a garden a rose can be the most beautiful flower, just the way that man’s beauty will stand out among a crowd. This metaphor is used to explain to the reader that reproduction is necessary to pass on those genes that allow one man to stand out among others in a crowd. According to the speaker, this personal beauty will live on past death through reproduction.Personal beauty is a quality that everyone possesses; however, it is important for the reader to understand that in order for his/her specific beauty to be passed on reproduction is a necessity. The Speaker uses ‘Sonnet 3’ to help the reader understand this requirement; â€Å"Look in thy glass and tell the face thou viewest/Now is the time that face should form another† (Sonnet 3, L. 1-2). The reader is now being told that, when looking in a mirror, it is important to notice the inner beauty that ever yone is gifted with. This inner beauty must be passed on for these ‘beautiful’ genes to continue to exist.The tone of these few lines is a sense of urgency. ‘Now is the time’ that reproduction should happen, otherwise this chance might not appear again within this life cycle. If reproduction does not happen when life is in its prime, then nature will take its toll as man continues the journey through life. After ‘Sonnet 3’ it is clear that the transition from youthful to aged is starting to make its appearance. The speaker’s attitude toward reproduction starts to change after ‘Sonnet 3’ and is quickly switched to life in its prime.It is in the following Sonnets that the main point is no longer reproduction but rather death, and maturing throughout life. Sonnet 7 uses nature imagery to show this maturation, â€Å"When from highmost pitch, with weary car/Like feeble age he reeleth from the day/The eyes, ‘fore duteous, n ow converted are/From his low tract and look another way/So thou thyself out-going in thy noon/unlooked on diest unless thou get a son† (Sonnet 7, L. 9-14). A sunset is now being compared to the way a man’s life starts to fade away.Once the sun sets people stop admiring it as much, just the same way man won’t be admired if kin isn’t produced. Once the sunset reaches its peak, or the point where is finally disappears, it consistently turns darker, this closely relates the way that once life reaches a certain age, it moves faster and faster towards the end. The tone and theme of the Sonnets begin to change from this point on, focusing on the fact that life passes just as quickly as a sunset fades. After a sunset fades the sky suddenly becomes darker; and the darkness progresses as time passes through the night.The sunset is used as a metaphor for the way that a life fades after the peak, or the prime of life. ‘Sonnet 15’ uses a metaphor similar to that of a sunset fading, but this metaphor compares man’s declining quality of life after the prime to that of a plant once it reaches its full potential, â€Å"When I consider everything that grows/holds in perfection but a little moment/†¦ When I perceive that man as plants increase/Cheered and checked ev’n by the self-same sky/Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease† (Sonnet 15, L. 1-8).The speaker shows that once life reaches its highest peak, it must begin to fall towards the end, or death. ‘Sonnet 15’ states that every living thing is perfect at one point in its lifespan. A flower is the most beautiful just at its peak before it starts to wither. Life is most beautiful in its prime; however, once that highest peak or ‘prime of life’ passes then the quality of life begins to decline. Instead of using a plants’ lifespan, or a sunset’s continuing darkness in ‘Sonnet 60’ to compare time passi ng, the speaker uses waves crashing on a beach.Just as waves crashing on the beach are replaced by new ones, the minutes that pass are quickly replaced by new ones. This metaphor helps paint a picture in one’s mind of the way that moments pass just as quickly as they show up; â€Å"Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore/So do our minutes hasten toward their end/Each changing place with that which goes before/In sequent toil all forwards do contend/Nativity, once in the main of light/Crawls to maturity wherewith being crowned/Crooked eclipses ‘gainst his glory fight/And time that gave doth now his gift confound† (Sonnet 60, L. -8). It seems that once the prime of life passes, the days, minutes and seconds pass by much faster than life before the prime. This shows that life is quickly changing and that those days of reproduction are in the past. The tone of the Sonnets has changed from being urgent to calm and peaceful just the way listening to waves cras hing is peaceful. This tone allows the speaker to accept the maturity that man faces as life passes its prime. Death seems to be rapidly drawing nearer.The imagery from nature allows the reader to get a better idea of what life will be like past the prime. According to the speaker life seems to be more peaceful past the prime, this symbolizes that death is being accepted. The tone in ‘Sonnet 73’ and ‘Sonnet 74’ is much different from that in ‘Sonnet 1’ and ‘Sonnet 3’ this shows that the life cycle is getting closer to the end. The tone is now dreary and melancholy as compared to the urgency and eagerness that the first few Sonnets portray.Sonnet 73 and 74 is where the end of the life cycle approaches and death is accepted, â€Å"But be contended when the fell arrest/Without all bail shall carry me away/My life hath in this line some interest/Which for memorial still with thee shall stay† (Sonnet 74, L. 1-4). Within these few lines death has finally been accepted by the speaker. The speaker now admits to being past their prime. Within these few lines there is a slight contradiction to the main point from the first set of sonnets. In the first Sonnets the main point was reproduction and the ability to live past death through offspring.Now the idea is that the speaker will live on through the lines of these Sonnets. This contradiction says that the speaker doesn’t necessarily believe what he is telling the reader. It now seems that the idea of reproduction was never accepted by the speaker. In the earlier sonnets the speaker was stating that to live on one must reproduce, however, in Sonnets 73 and 74 this is not the case. The reader is now being told that even though it is important to reproduce it is not important for the speaker to reproduce. The speaker may feel that he is an exception to the rule.As stated earlier the speaker feels that life is pointless without reproduction, â€Å"Too base o f thee to be rememb’red/the worth of that is that which it contains/and that is this and this with thee remains† (Sonnet 74, L. 12-14). The speaker says here that his body is almost worthless and the only worth he has is his spirit that is now written within the lines of these Sonnets. These Sonnets, which will be read for years to come, will be what keeps the speaker alive, not reproduction. Throughout the Fair Youth Sonnets it is clear that nature is used to help describe the life cycle of man.The tone and literary devices used in the first few sonnets in this selection imply that it is required to reproduce if beauty is to be passed on. Through the middle Sonnets the imagery shows that life is perfect right before and during its prime. After the prime has passed, life starts to fade away and the minutes pass quickly, in the same way that waves crashing on a shore pass and are replaced by new ones. In the later Sonnets the main point is no longer reproduction and its importance for existence but it is accepting death and living life peacefully until the end.

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays

African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essays African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Essay African American Kidney Access, African American Reluctance to Donate and Race-Based HLA Studies Introduction: African American Kidney Access and Donation Problems: Variety meats are a scarceness in the United States. This is competently demonstrated by the fact that merely 8,000 of the 23,000 patients expecting a cadaverous kidney undergo organ transplant each twelvemonth. A common wellness status that is treated with kidney organ transplant is end phase nephritic disease ( ESRD ) . Alarmingly, the disease disproportionately affects African Americans. Members of the African American community are four times more likely to see ESRD than members of the white population. Despite consisting a greater per centum of the patient population, African American patients arenonmore likely to have cadaverous nephritic grafts. In fact, although African American patients comprise about 37 % of the ESRD patient population and 34 % of the kidney graft waiting list, they are receivers of merely 25 % of cadaverous nephritic grafts. African American ESRD patients besides typically see delay clip dual that of their white opposite numbers. The first inherent aptitud e of many may be to surmise that socioeconomic factors are the cause of this disparity. Because African Americans are concentrated in low-income communities they may, as a group, experience the same organ entree jobs that affect low income communities at big. This account, nevertheless, does non keep weight because African Americans are still merely 55 % every bit likely as Whites to have a cadaverous renal graft when commanding for income and geographic country. Many lines of enquiry have been borne out of this disparity, but the most popular account for the state of affairs is a race-based human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) derived function. HLA matching is among the standards used by the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) to delegate precedence to patients who are on the waiting list to have a cadaverous kidney. The usage of HLA in delegating points to wait list participants is based on the fact that proper antigenic lucifer increases the rate of survival post-transplantation . Most surveies explain the African American kidney entree job with the being of HLA differences between racial populations. The proposed solution that typically follows this decision is to set clip and attempt into increasing organ contribution among African American communities, members of which are by and large loath to donate variety meats due to a general misgiving of the health care system. Clinicians carry oning HLA based surveies conclude that the issue of African American entree to kidneys is closely tied up with the reluctance of African Americans to donate. This is a debatable manner of nearing the issue of African American entree to cadaveric kidneys because it relies on race, a societal concept, to explicate immunological difference which is a biological phenomenon. The usage of race in these HLA surveies, so, consequences in ill-conceived solutions that do non efficaciously address the job. These race-based surveies conflate two jobs that are unrelated and should be dealt with individually: 1 ) African American entree to kidney grafts and 2 ) the reluctance of African Americans to donate variety meats. The fact that African Americans do non normally donate their variety meats has little to make with the fact that there is a kidney entree job in the community. Race-based HLA surveies do non adequately explicate the African American kidney entree job, and hence, their consequences should non be used to convert black populations to donate their variety meats. This statement will be supported by a treatment of the debatable nature of racial nomenclature in medical literature in general followed by an scrutiny of the manner in which these jobs apply to HLA surveies specifically. Attention will so be given to the normally proposed suggestion that attempts be made to promote African American organ contribution in the name of relieving the kidney entree job and why it is debatable. Finally, a better solution to the African American kidney entree job will be proposed along with and a more effectual and ethical attack to increasing organ contribution among African Americans. Misplaced usage of Race in Medicine: In order to discourse the jobs associated with the usage of race-based HLA surveies in treatments of organ entree among African Americans, an scrutiny of the jobs with racially-focused biological surveies in general is necessary. Racially based scientific surveies are inherently flawed because they use societal buildings in order to explicate scientific phenomena. The Oxford English Dictionary defines race as any of the major groupings of world, holding in common distinguishable physical characteristics or holding a similar cultural background. The usage of race in medical surveies stems, more or less, from fluctuations of this definition. The thought is that distinct physical features are genetically based, and because racial groups are defined by familial standards it merely makes sense that race has a topographic point in medical specialty. In world, nevertheless, racial boundaries are drawn along historical and sociopolitical lines, and it does non do sense to contorting familial intending out of classs whose standards are imbued socially. Harmonizing to Elisa Gordon, both the nonbiological and biological standards that are used to place races are arbitrary. For illustration, the racial classs in the United States are applied to people from different: geographic parts ( e.g. , Asians ) ; linguistic communications ( e.g. , Hispanics ) ; faiths ( e.g. , Jews ) ; and putative tegument colour ( white, ruddy, xanthous, brown ) . The classs identified by Gordon unite groups of people that may hold loose familial commonalties at best. In fact, surveies have shown that the familial difference that exists between members of the same racial group is comparable to the familial difference that exists between members of different racial groups. Gordon besides argues that lone associations between cultural patterns and wellness should be drawn from clinical surveies, instead than associations between race and genetic sciences. This is because if members of racial groups portion anything in common it would be unquestionably un-genetically coupled cultural patterns ( and even this is non a given ) . This fact entirely should deter researchers’ efforts to associate race and genetic sciences. Making so leads to inherently flawed decisions sing the causes of wellness issues impacting peculiar racial groups and promotes the usage of ill-conceived solutions. As Dorothy Roberts puts it, a renewed trust in built-in racial differences provides a convenient but false account for relentless unfairnesss de-spite the terminal of de jure discrimination. Debatable Race-Based HLA Studies: Race-based HLA surveies used to explicate the African American organ entree job operate under the same debatable premises present in general in race-based medical specialty. These surveies are designed with the thought that racial lines are drawn along biological difference instead than historical and sociopolitical parametric quantities. This is evident in the rhetoric normally used in the surveies. The treatment subdivisions of the bulk of these documents frequently provide the account that HLA subtypes that are common in white populations are uncommon in African American populations. Because of this, African Americans are less likely to have nephritic grafts because the organ donor population is comprised of the white bulk, and the HLA patterns present on white kidneys will by and large non be a good lucifer for African American ESRD patients. This account might do sense if the surveies were good designed both scientifically and linguistically. This, unluckily, is non the instance . In general, the race of HLA survey participants is determined by the clinicians carry oning the surveies. The fact that the research workers determine the race of the participants introduces societal and cultural prejudices into the survey. There is no scientific mechanism for finding whether an person is black, white or a member of any other racial group. Therefore, clinicians rely merely on socially prescribed thoughts of what it means to be a member of a peculiar race phenotypically. For illustration, conventionally, persons who are identified as black typically have darker tegument than persons who are identified as white. A clinician carry oning a race-based HLA survey must trust on this loose differentiation entirely when categorising persons in a survey. A deficiency of rigorous standards for distinguishing between racial groups invites great possible for mistake, and the usage of the beliefs of research workers to delegate patient classs is a far call from the use of the r ules of grounds based medical specialty on which the scientific community prides itself. Self-identification by the patients has been a proposed solution to this job, but this is debatable in and of itself. Most African Americans can non follow their lineage past one or two coevalss, if even that much, go forthing room for mistake even with self-identification. The assorted and cloudy lineage of most African Americans invalidates any claims made about the familial differences between black and white populations. Because black populations have a history of blending with white and Native American populations, it does non do sense that specific familial markers, HLA subtypes in this instance, would be more concentrated in black populations than in other racial groups. Additionally, it is hard to categorise phenotypically black Americans for HLA subtyping because it is likely that they portion familial similarity with other racial groups despite a deficiency of physical similarity. Self -identification is besides flawed because it relies on each participant’s single apprehension of race. For illustration, two survey participants with similar lineage may place with different racial classs depending on their personal beliefs. Effectss of Misguided Conclusions of Race-Based HLA Studies: The blemished nature of race-based HLA surveies consequences in ill-conceived decisions. The consequences of these flawed surveies wrongly demonstrate that the HLA patterns found on the kidneys of white and black patients are significantly different. This implies that a kidney coming from a white giver is improbable to be a lucifer for a black patient in demand of a nephritic graft. Because most givers in the register are white, black ESRD patients are at a disadvantage in footings of organ entree because there are non adequate givers that are a good immunological lucifer for them. The solution that follows from this logic, so, is to set clip and energy into convincing African Americans, who typically have a low organ contribution rate, to donate their variety meats. This solution is unsafe for two grounds. The first is that it attempts to work out a job deeply rooted in societal issues by superficial agencies. The fact that African Americans still have limited entree to kidneys when commanding for income and the debatable nature of race-based accounts of the disparity indicate that there is a deeper issue lending to the African American organ entree job. Regardless of what the issue is, it will go on to be if clinicians continue to fulfill themselves with solutions that do non turn to the root cause of the issue. The over-reliance on race-based HLA surveies detracts energy and financess from more meaningful research that may take to effectual solutions. More dismaying than this is the fact that these surveies mislead non merely research workers and policy shapers but besides an full subset of the population. Encouraging populations who are loath about going organ givers is a good thing as it increases the figure of variety meats available to salvage the lives of ill patients. However, when organ procurance organisations and health care professionals use the consequences of race-based HLA surveies in order to convert African Americans to donate their variety meats, they are proposing that the black community has something extra to derive from this action. This is non true, and it is unjust and uneffective to try to alter the attitudes of a community that has strong reserves about donating due to a historical misgiving in the health care system by disregarding this misgiving and utilizing easy but uneffective solutions alternatively. Organ procurances bureaus should non convert African Americans to donate in the name of assisting diminish the unfairnesss that affect their communities. This is misdirecting and incorrect. Alternatively, attempts must be made to understand the misgiving that fuels African American reluctance to donate. Root Causes of African American Kidney Access: African Americans experience disadvantages at all phases of the transplant procedure. It is widely acknowledged that factors such as personal and cultural beliefs, unequal graft exercise and referral holds by nephrologists play a function in hindering entree at the pre-waiting list phase. However, one time African American patients have been referred for graft and go active on the delay list they still see drawn-out delay times. This disadvantage is about entirely explained by the race-based HLA derived function. Reliance on this account detracts from reforms that could dramatically diminish delay times for African American patients. One such reform that was studied over a 10 twelvemonth period at the University of Maryland trades with the usage of givers who are positive for Hepatitis C. African Americans are twice every bit likely to be infected with Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) , so the allowed organ transplant of HCV positive variety meats may be effectual in shuting the spread in d elay times because African American and non-African American delay list members. The execution of this system at the University of Maryland School of Medicine over a 10 twelvemonth period allowed the delay clip for African American patients to be cut from the national norm of 1,335 yearss to 647 yearss. The station organ transplant endurance rates under the system were comparable to those under a system in which Hepatitis C positive givers are non used. African American Reluctance to Donate: Although a race-based HLA derived function should non be used to promote organ contribution by African Americans, the low contribution rate of the population still merits treatment. Surveies that seek to explicate the deficiency of enthusiasm in the African American community sing organ contribution cite a figure of grounds such as deficiency of consciousness and spiritual beliefs. The most alarming, nevertheless, that regularly reappears in the literature is a misgiving of the medical community. There is a long history of mistreatment of African Americans in health care. Possibly the most publicised issue, nevertheless, is the Tuskeegee Syphilis survey in which legion African Americans were lied to about their wellness status and told they were having intervention when they were non. This, along with other likewise dismaying happenings, has shaped African American attitudes towards organ contribution and the health care system at big. Today, about 38 per centum of African Americans refuse to donate their variety meats. The most normally expressed ground is the fright that as organ givers they will non have equal medical attention. As a community, African Americans do non swear that physicians will make all in their power to salvage them before reaping their variety meats for organ transplant in another patient. Despite these reserves, African Americans report a willingness to donate if they can be assured that their variety meats will assist members of their ain community or if they can be straight donated to persons of a specified ethnicity. A clinician running one survey reported that African Americans will be more likely to donate if people realize their organ contribution can do a difference for their friends and neighbours, the people in their church and their community. This is exactly why the usage of race-based HLA surveies is debatable in the attempt to promote organ contribution by African Americans. The consequences of HLA surveies are being used to do it look as though the organ contribution of an African American person will assist a member of his ain community, but more African American contribution will make nil to relieve the organ entree job. Although their purposes may be baronial, organ procurance bureaus are working African American communities by utilizing the consequences of HLA surveies in this manner. Organ procurement bureaus must alternatively concentrate on a more effectual and more honorable manner to promote black communities to donate variety meats. Battling the misgiving that many African Americans feel towards the health care system will non be a speedy and easy procedure, and it must get down with increased cultural competence preparation for health care practicians and an consciousness of the manner in which unconscious p rejudices cause them to handle African American patients otherwise. An investing in this type of instruction will slowly construct trust because medical and African American communities, ensuing finally in increased organ contribution rates among African Americans. It will besides potentially increase African American entree to variety meats due to a lessening in healthcare-related barriers to entree like physician perceptual experience of post-transplantation endurance of African Americans. Decision: The usage of the consequences of race-based HLA surveies to convert African Americans of the importance of going organ givers is debatable and unethical. The usage of race in scientific literature is inherently flawed in and of itself, and its application to the job of African American organ entree comes with its ain set of jobs. The suggestion of these surveies that increasing organ contribution among African Americans will somehow cut down the organ unfairness impacting the black community is based on ill designed surveies, and should non be used to promote the black community to donate. Alternatively, stairss should be taken to understand the root cause of both the unjust distribution of variety meats every bit good as the reluctance of the black community to donate. Merely after clinicians cease to trust on the wrong impressions propagated by race-based HLA surveies, and discontinue trust on superficial solutions will these highly of import jobs be solved.