The Stereotypical Old-West Lawman :: Media Stereotypes Stereotyping

The Stereotypical Old-West Law cosmos Justice, duty, silence, wisdom, bravery, self-reliance, independence, respect these are all characteristics of the old-west lawman. Matt Dillon, marshal of falsify City, is just such a lawman. His sense of justice, duty, and wisdom epitomize the stereotypical old-west hero. In the episode entitled Fawn, Marshal Dillon is charged with a woman that flee an Indian camp. She is accompanied by a young Indian girl. They are in Dodge till the womans economise arrives fetch her. While the woman is time lag for her husband a man comes to speak to her. He accepts her and the bittie girl. When the husband arrives he wants the girl to go to a reservation, that the woman refuses to let her go. The husband divorces the woman and goes back east. The woman must run with the little girl because the government wants to put the little girl on a reservation. Marshal Dillon arranges for the man that spoke to the woman earlier to take both the woman and the litt le girl away with him. This saves the little girl. Throughout the episode Marshal Dillon defends the woman, because he thinks she and the little girl are treated unjustly. In the episode entitled How to Kill a Friend, a pair of gamblers come to town. They try to bribe Marshal Dillon, but he refuses to take their bribe. Later, someone shoots at the marshal as a scare tactic. He figures out that the gamblers shot at him and he runs them out of town. usually such men move on to another town and dont return but these men returned. This time they brought a hitman to keep Dillon in check. The gunman turns out to be an old friend of the marshal. He tries to convince his friend to leave, but the man has turned bad and refuses. Eventually they get into a confrontation. In the process, Dillon shoots and kills his friend. Though he is saddened that he killed his friend, he had to do his duty. He had done his best to dissuade his friend, but had to fulfill his duty. In the episode How to Die for Nothing, a bunch of cowboys from Texas come into town. One of them is drunk and when the marshal tries to take away his gun, he tries to shoot Dillon. Dillon had to shoot the cowboy and he ended up dying.

edmundlear Edmunds Soliliquy in Act 5 Scene 1 of Shakespeares King L

Analysis of Edmunds Soliliquy in Act 5 Scene 1 in King Lear     The portion of The Tragedy of King Lear I chose begins on report 55 of act five scene one and continues to statement 64. I chose this selection because it includes much information roughly plot and character. Prior to my selection Regan questions Edmund about about his relationship with her sister, Goneril, because Regan suspects they have been intimate. Edmund denies these accusations at the beginning of act five scene one, but states his true intentions in his soliloquy starting on line 55. Shortly afterwards at the beginning of act five scene three Cordelia and King Lear are captured and held prisoner. In the selection I chose, Edmund expresses his true feelings about the bop triangle he and the sisters Goneril and Reagan are in.   ... Neither can be enjoyed,   If both remain alive to take the widow   Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril   And exactly shall I carry out my side, (V, i, ll 58-61)   Edmund conveys how though both sisters are vying for his love and eventually his hand in marriage, he does not love either, and is only acting them for his own benefit he just wants to increase his power. Stands on me to defend, not to debate. (V, i, ll 69)   The selection I chose develops character in the play. Edmunds soliloquy shows how foolish the sisters really are, competing for the love of someone who is repulsed by the thought of them. Also it is ironic their rivalry that helped them get their land from Lear by outdoing each other with flattery for him is that what kills them, while their sister who didnt make do with false flattery against the two and got no ... ...Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril   And hardly shall I carry out my side,   Her husband being alive. (V, i, ll 58-62) This also reveals that Edmund is incapable of lovely anyone because he is so overwhelmed with attaining power. Goneril and Rega ns characters are also developed in this selection. Both of the sisters are blinded by their love for Edmund to the point where they put all other things diversion to get his love, and ironically the one they both love so much kills them, as Goneril poisoned Regan because she feared Regan would steal Edmund from her. After finding out that Edmund is defeated, she takes her own life as well. Without this soliloquy, a great void would be left in the play. Goneril, Regan and Edmunds characters would not be fully developed, the plot would not be as complex or entertaining.    

Hermes :: essays research papers fc

The fleet-footed messenger with wings on his heels and cap symbolizes fast delivery. However, Hermes was neither originally winged nor a messenger - that role was reserved for the rainbow goddess Iris (Medusas cousin and the daughter of Thaumys and Elektra). Hermes was, instead, clever, tricky, a thief, and, with his awakening or sleep conferring wand (rhabdos), the original sandman whose descendants admit a major Greek hero and a noisy, fun-loving god.Before Zeus married Hera, Maia (a daughter of the second generation Titan Atlas, who was a boy of the Titan Iapetos and Okeanos daughter Klymene) bore him a son, Hermes. Like Heracels, Hermes showed amazing skill in early years. He escaped his cradle, wandered outside, and walked from Mt. Cyllene to Pieria where he found Apollos cattle. His natural fictional character was to steal them. He even had a alacrity plan. First, he padded their feet to soften the sound, and then he drove fifty of them backwards in mark to confuse searc h. He stopped at the Alpheios River to make the first sacrifice to the gods. To do so, he had to invent fire, or at least how to fire up it. Then he selected two of Apollos herd, and after killing them, divided each into six parts to keep in touch with the twelve Olympians. There were, at the time, only eleven. The remaining part was for him.After completing his new ceremony, Hermes went back home. On his way, he found a tortoise that he took inside his house. Using lather strips from Apollos herd as string, he created the first lyre. He was playing the new musical instrument when Apollo found him. Noticing the material of the string, Apollo was angry with Hermes for stealing his cattle and smart enough not to believe Hermes when he protested his innocence. Bringing together seemed impossible until the father of both gods stepped in. To make amends, Hermes gave his half brother the tortoise shell lyre. Later, Hermes and Apollo made another exchange. Apollo gave his half-brother th e Caduceus in exchange for a flute Hermes invented. Zeus realized he had to keep his smart, cattle-rustling son out of mischief, so he put him to work as god of trade and business. He gave him power over birds of sign, dogs, boars, flocks of sheep, and lions. He provided him with golden sandals, and made him messenger (angelos) to Hades.

Henry Ford Essay -- Automobile automotive industry biography

hydrogen Ford revolutionized the Ameri sess automotive industry and forever changed transportation. Born on the morning of July 30, 1863 in a patch of Michigan woods, Henry Ford matured into the founder of the Ford Motor Co. that made the Ford name famous. The Ford Motor Co. would develop American automotive icons that continue to make a lasting impression.Henrys ancestors came to Michigan from Ireland in hope of a new life in a New World. His parents, William and bloody shame found success in America, unfortunately Mary died a tragic death after complications of the birth of her eighth child (Lacey 11). At the young get along of fourteen Henry is already interested in industry and mechanics, he sees his first steam engine that gave him newfound enthusiasm to continue with his interest. Without hesitation Henry immediately gets out into the exciting working world and starts his own business with friend James Flower in 1879 called the James Flower And Brother automobile Shop. Soon moving to Detroit, Henry uses his skills from his company to get hired at the Detroit Dry Dock Company where he meets a major inspiration, a twisting engineer by the name of Frank Kirby (Lacey 24). Kirby taught Henry to Stick in his toenails and to work hard if he wanted to succeed, Henry took him very seriously. Many old age later Henry shows his respect to Frank when he decides to place the names of the worlds greatest inventors and scientists on his engineering laboratory in Detroit. The names included Copernicus, Edison, northward and Kirby. Henry had been working very hard lately and took a break from his industrial career to venture back to the family farm where he married Clara Bryant on April 11, 1888 (Lacey 32).On a quest to continue his dream of t... ... public, he succeeded in giving all of the United States access to travel anywhere they desire. While at the same time the nations economy soared from the sales of other industries that supported his factories , such as rubber, steel and glass. Consumers were no longer confined to their small towns, now they can bring their families and their money to enjoy great cities such as Detroit, where Ford got his lucky break in industry.Today the automobile industry is stronger than ever, selling millions of cars to burning consumers. Every year new models are released with newer features and technology to lure the purchaser. Every manufacturer today should thank Ford for what it has done in the past, whether it was the assembly line, like parts, strong quality of the Model T, its undeniable what Ford has done for the industry, economy and transportation.

Hermann Hesse: A Classic Take on the Modern Age Essay -- Biography Bio

Hermann Hesse A Classic Take on the Modern AgeHermann Hesse, writing in the twentieth century, extolled many of the virtues of the past. His unique style, dependent upon German Romanticism, adapted the issues of the modern age. Using subject matter from various sources, Hesse built fictional human beings that mirrored reality. In the overbold Siddhartha, Hesse deals specifically with the spiritual quest. Although writing about the spiritual landscape of India, this work addresses the desire for meaning that the entire world felt after the events of World warfare I.Born in Germany in 1877, Hesse would live through the complete change in existence that occurred in the twentieth century. Coming from a family of devout Protestants, Hesse had been exposed to the traditional Christian existence. He began to write while still in his teens. A life great pacifist, Hesse would continue to fight against the violence of his age. The works of Hesse were always tinged with the whim of the outs ider (The Steppenwolf) or the search for meaning (Siddhartha). Utilizing a higher artistic style than many of his colleagues, Hesse acknowledged Romanticism in his work. His subject matter could be highly simple in the case of Gertrude or extremely complex like Magister LudiThe Glass Bead Game, for which he would win the Noble Prize in the year 1946. Until his death in 1962, Hesse would struggle to find meaning in the horrible events in his lifetime.Although Hesse concerns himself with the same issues of isolation and meaninglessness that Franz Kafka addresses, he utilizes a poetical writing style to bring out the beauty of his subject. The lofty style helps with the construction of an ideal as an escape from his emotional crisis of the war years (Ziolk... ...ction of the forward paths. Humanity could no longer be content with religion or with consumer needs. A spiritual truth had to be found, but it would require a long journey and many failures along the way. Mankind could lear n as much about the beliefs of the past in order to discover the condition of the present world and a revelation of the relationship of all things to one another (Ziolkowski 154), the lesson that all things are interconnected. All of the past, present and future are inextricably linked as part of a continuous flow.Works CitedFreedman, Ralph. Hermann Hesse Pilgrim of Crisis. New York Pantheon Books, 1978.Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York New Directions Publishing Corporation And Bantam Books, 1951.Ziolkowski, Theodore. The Novels of Hermann Hesse A Study in Theme and Structure. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1965.

Hermann Hesse: A Classic Take on the Modern Age Essay -- Biography Bio

Hermann Hesse A Classic Take on the Modern AgeHermann Hesse, writing in the twentieth century, extolled many of the virtues of the past. His unique style, dependent upon German Romanticism, adapted the issues of the modern age. Using subject matter from various sources, Hesse built fictional universe of discourses that mirrored reality. In the invention Siddhartha, Hesse deals specifically with the spiritual quest. Although writing about the spiritual landscape of India, this work addresses the desire for meaning that the entire world felt after the events of World struggle I.Born in Germany in 1877, Hesse would live through the complete change in existence that occurred in the twentieth century. Coming from a family of devout Protestants, Hesse had been open(a) to the traditional Christian existence. He began to write while still in his teens. A life desire pacifist, Hesse would continue to fight against the violence of his age. The works of Hesse were always tinged with the sp irit of the outsider (The Steppenwolf) or the search for meaning (Siddhartha). Utilizing a higher artistic style than many of his colleagues, Hesse acknowledged Romanticism in his work. His subject matter could be highly simple in the case of Gertrude or extremely complex like Magister LudiThe Glass Bead Game, for which he would win the Noble Prize in the year 1946. Until his death in 1962, Hesse would struggle to find meaning in the horrible events in his lifetime.Although Hesse concerns himself with the same issues of isolation and meaninglessness that Franz Kafka addresses, he utilizes a poetic writing style to bring out the beauty of his subject. The lofty style helps with the construction of an ideal as an escape from his emotional crisis of the war years (Ziolk... ...ction of the previous(prenominal) paths. Humanity could no longer be content with religion or with consumer needs. A spiritual truth had to be found, but it would require a long journey and many failures along t he way. Mankind could learn as much about the beliefs of the past in order to discover the condition of the present world and a revelation of the relationship of all things to one another (Ziolkowski 154), the lesson that all things are interconnected. All of the past, present and future are inextricably linked as part of a continuous flow.Works CitedFreedman, Ralph. Hermann Hesse Pilgrim of Crisis. New York Pantheon Books, 1978.Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York New Directions Publishing Corporation And Bantam Books, 1951.Ziolkowski, Theodore. The Novels of Hermann Hesse A Study in Theme and Structure. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1965.

Dream Psychology- Sigmund Freud

Dreams and the Sub-Conscious Mind The definition of a dream is a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a persons mind during sleep. It is believed that dreams check always existed in human society and prepare been shared among members of societies dating binding to 3000-4000 BC. In various societies dreams held a number of meanings and significance.Throughout history dreams shake off been accept as significant symbols or signs, warnings of the future, connections surrounded by living and the dead, cap up to(p) of diagnosing illness and predicting onset of diseases, temptations of the devil, and numerous other possible things. Dream reading materials, or attempts make to show a persons dream, date back to 3000-4000 B. C. , where they were documented on clay tablets. For as long as man has been able to talking to about dreams, humans puddle been fascinated with them and have strived to under fend for them, though this is challenging because dreams are lots so easily forgotten.Throughout the history of the study of dreams, far-famed theorists have consecrateed their suffer dream philosophies and theories, developed octette specific categories of dream types, and presented many dreams found comm completely among people which represent uncouth human faces of life, all of these things have been developed in trying to answer one question Do dreams reflect, or relate to, a persons sub-conscious state of mind? First, the roughly famous of all dream theorists is a man named Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856-1939 and is considered to be the father of psychoanalysis (Dream Moods). evolutionizes the study of dreams with his work The Interpretation Of Dreams. Freud begins to analyze dreams in order to understand aspects of personalizedity as they relate to pathology, or the science of causes and effects of diseases. He believes that nothing one does occurs by chance all(prenominal) action and thought is propel by the unconsciousat som e level. Inorder to live in a civilized society, humans have a tendency to die hardbackurges and repress impulses. However, these urges and impulses must be released in some way they have a way of coming to the surface in ambiguous forms. depict as well as Memory ForgettingFreud believes that one way these urges and impulses are released is through dreams. Because the glut of the unconscious may be extremely disturbing or harmful, Freud believes that the unconscious expresses itself in a symbolic language. To explain this symbolic language, Freud categorizes aspects of the mind into three parts. These parts include the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. Id, which is centered around primal impulses, pleasures, desires, unchecked urges and wish fulfillment.Ego, which is concerned with the conscious, the rational, the example and the self-aware aspect of the mind. Superego, which is considered to be the sort of censor for the id, which is also responsible for enforcing the moral code s of the ego. When one is awake, the impulses and desires of the id are suppressed by the superego. Through dreams, one is able to get a glimpse into the unconscious, or the id. Because ones guards are d hold during the dream state, the unconscious has the opportunity to act out and express the hush-hush desires of the id.However, the desires of the id can, at times, can be so disturbing and sluice psychologically harmful that a censor comes into play andtranslates the ids disturbing content into a more(prenominal) acceptable symbolic form. This admirers to preserve sleep and prevent one from waking up shocked at the images. As a result, confusing and often abstruse dream images occur. According to Freud, the reason one struggles to remember their dreams, is because the superego is at work. It is doing its job by protecting the conscious mind from the disturbing images and desires conjured by the unconscious.According to Freud, dreams always have what he called a manifest and l atent content (qtd. in moods). The manifest content is what the dream seems to be saying. It is often bizarre and seemingly nonsense. On the contrary, the latent content is what the dream is really trying to say. Dreams give one a look into the unconscious. Freud believes that it is possible to chip through the dreams manifest content to reveal the rudimentary significance and its latent by utilizing the technique of free association.Using this technique, one must start with one dream symbol and then follow with what mechanically comes to the mind first. One must continue in this manner and essentially see where it leads. In order to interpret the cryptic images of dreams, Freud divided the images into five major(ip) categories, or processes. The first being displacement which occurs when the desire for one thing or person is symbolized by something or someone else. The second, projection which happens when the dreamer propels their own desires and wants onto another person.The thi rd being symbolization which is characterized when the dreamers repressed urges or suppressed desires are acted out metaphorically. Fourth, condensation which is the process in which the dreamer hides their feelings or urges by contracting it or underplaying it into a brief dream image or event. Thus the meaning of this dream imagery may not be spare or obvious. Lastly, rationalization which is regarded as the final stage of dreamwork. The dreaming mind organizes an incoherent dream into one that is far more understandable and logical.This is also cognise as secondary revision. Essentially this is Freuds basic explanation of what dreams are and how one is to interpret them. Freuds dream psychology is heavily based on psychoanalysis and is centered on the fact that dreams do in fact reflect the sub-conscious mind of the dreamer. Another dream theorist, who lived during the time of Freud, Alfred Adler (1870-1937), believed the importance of dreams to be a little disagreeent than Fr euds beliefs. Essentially, Adler believed that dreams are an important tool to mastering control over waking lives.They are task- understand devices. Dreams need to be brought to the conscious and cons uncoiled(a) so that better understanding can be shed on ones problems. Adler believes it is important to learn from dreams and incorporate them into waking life. Adler believes that there is a correlation between dreams and the problems in daily life. The more dreams one has, the more problems one is likely to have. Adler believes that dreams are an open pathway toward ones true thoughts, emotions and actions. In dreams, one clearly sees ones aggressive impulses and desires.Dreams are also a way of overcompensating for the shortcomings in waking life. For example, if one is unable to stand up to a boss in waking life, then one may find it easier to lash out at the boss within the relieve and safety of a dream. Dreams offer some sort of satisfaction that is more socially acceptable . So, though Adler does not entirely agree with Freuds views of the subconscious unconditional the dream, he does in fact believe that ones subconscious desires and drive are released through a dream.A third dream theorist, Carl Jung, who was considered to be a mentor of Freuds also believed in the existence of the unconscious. However, he did not see the unconscious as animalistic, instinctual, orsexual he saw it as morespiritual. Eventually, Jung split with Freud due to their differing views on dreams. According to Jung, dreams are a way of communication and acquainting oneself with the unconscious. Dreams are not attempts to conceal ones true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are a window to the unconscious.They serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a root word to a problem one is facing in waking life. Jung views the ego as ones sense of self and how one portrays oneself to the creation. Part of Jungs possibility is that all things can be viewed as paired opposites good/evil, male/female, or love/hate. So working in opposition to the ego, is the counterego or what he refers to as the shadow. The shadow represents the rejected aspects of oneself that one does not wish to acknowledge. The shadow is more primitive, somewhat uncultured, and a little awkward.As dreams are a way of communicating with the unconscious, Jung believed that dream images reveal something about oneself, ones relationships with others, and situations in ones waking life. Dreams guide ones personal growth andhelp in achieving full potential. Jung also believes that the dreams manifest content is just as significantand revealing as thelatent content. By simply discussing what is currently deprivation on in ones life, it can help one interpret and unlock the cryptic images of onesdreams. Jungs method of dream interpretation is placed more confidently on the dreamer.He believes that all dreamers possess the necessary tools to interpret their own dre ams. The meaning of ones dreams is a personal appraisal and is up to the dreamer on how to interpret them. Jung noted certain dream symbols that possess the akin universal meaning for all men and women. He scathe this phenomenon the collective unconscious. While dreams are personal, ones personal experiences often touch on universal themes and symbols. These symbols are believed to occur in every culture throughout history. Jung identifies seven such(prenominal) symbols in what is referred to as the major archetypal characters 1.The Persona is the image one presents to the world inwaking life. It is quasi(prenominal) to a public mask. In the dream world, the persona is represented by the Self. 2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed aspects of oneself. It is the part of oneself that one does not want the world to see because it is ugly or unappealing. It symbolizes weakness, fear, or anger. In dreams, this figure is represented by a stalker, murderer, a bully, or pursuer. It can be a excite figure or even a close friend or relative. Their outance often makes one angry or leaves one scared.They force one to confront things that one doesnt want to see or hear. 3. The Anima / Animus is the female and male aspects of oneself. Everyone possess both feminine and manly qualities. In dreams, the anima appears as a highly feminized figure, while the animus appears as a hyper masculine form. These dream imageries appear depending on how well one is able to integrate the feminine and masculine qualities within oneself. They serve as a reminder that one must learn to acknowledge or express a masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side (be more emotional). . The Divine Child is ones true self in its purest form. It not only symbolizes innocence, vulner might, and helplessness, but it represents ones aspirations and full potential. One is open to all possibilities. In the dreamscape, this figure is represented by a baby or young child. 5. The Wise Old spell / Woman is the helper in dreams. Represented by a teacher, father, doctor, priest or some other unknown authority figure, they serve to offer pleader and words of wisdom. They appear in the dream to steer and guide the dreamer into the right direction. 6.The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great Mother appears in dreams as ones own mother, grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She provides one with positive reassurance. Negatively, they may be depicted as a witch or old bag lady in which case they can be associated with seduction, dominance and death. This juxtaposition is rooted in the belief by some experts that the real mother who is the giver of life is also at the same time jealous of ones growth away from her. 7. The Trickster, as the name implies, plays jokes to keep one from taking oneself too seriously.The trickster may appear in ones dream when one has overreached or misjudged a situation. Or he could find himself in the dream when one is uncertain about a decisiveness or about where to go in life. The trickster often makes one feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, sometimes mocking or exposingone to personal vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle forms, sometimes even changing its shape. Overall, Jund seemed to be influenced by both Freud and Adler in his belief of the dream all the same he presented common dreams symbols which further explained the manifestation of ones sub-conscious mind within the dream.Next, research and records of dreams further progressed it was discovered that there are essentially eight major categories which all dreams fall into. These categories being daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, healing dreams, signal dreams, and epic dreams. Daydreams are often viewed as light-hearted in nature. They are light-headed fantasies and wishful thinking. Actually, even worrying over things can be classified as a form of daydreaming. When one worries, one is visualizing an unwanted or minus outcome to a situation.B y repeating these negative images in ones mind, one is more likely to make them happen. Daydreaming is believed to occur when one is only semi-awake and it is essentially running away with ones imagination, or the take over ones thoughts by wandering sub-conscious mind. Next is the Lucid dream. Lucid dreams give the ability to control ones own dreams and steer them toward the direction the dreamer wants. In the lucid state, one is more willing to confront threats and as a result, become more self confident.When one achieves lucidity, one can use it as a tool to improve ones sports game, to rehearse for a speech, to fulfill your fantasies, or to solve a problem in your waking life. Though lucid dreams often give one the power to face the things in the forefronts of ones mind, it is believed that the unconscious is what triggers a lucid dream and encourages one to assume this power. Third, is nightmares which are a subcategory of dreams. The distinction of a nightmare is its frighteni ng and/or emotional content. One tends to wake up in fear in the midst of a nightmare.Because of its frightening nature, one is more likely to remember nightmares and the lifelike details. Nightmares are almost always believed to be caused by the sub-conscious mind as it the sub-conscious way to get your attention about a situation or problem that one has been avoiding, warning of a health issue, or nightmares may stem from a deeper level indicating that something is troubling you from within your subconscious. Next, is recurring dreams, which are quite common and are often triggered by a certain life situation, transitional phase in life or a problem that keeps coming back again and again.These dreams may recur daily, once a week, or once a month. Whatever the frequency, there is little variation in the dream content itself. Such dreams are often a message from the subconscious highlighting a personal weakness, fear, or inability to cope with something in ones life. Fourth, is Hea ling dreams are often dreams which tell the dreamer that he or she needs to go to the dentist or doctor. These dreams are often communication between mind and body that something is not quite right. Prophetic dreams, also referred to as precognitive or psychic dreams, are dreams that seemingly foretell the future.One rational theory to explain this phenomenon is that ones dreaming mind is able to piece together bits of information and observation that one may normally overlook or that one does not seriously consider. In other words, ones sub-conscious mind knows what is coming before one consciously pieces together the same information. communicate dreams, are similar to healing dreams, in that they are essentially a warning. Signal dreams are considered to be a sub-conscious warning or problem solving method to help the dreamer deal with situations in life.Lastly, Epic dreams are so huge, so compelling, and so vivid that one cannot ignore them. The details of such dreams often re main with one for years. These dreams possess much beauty and contain many archetypal symbology. When one wakes up from such a dream, one feels that they have discovered something profound or amazing about oneself or about the world. These dreams are also often future telling or even present revealing messages from the subconscious mind. Overall, each of these categories or types of dreams are the development which has resulted from the theories of the above dream theorists.Each type of dream is related to an archetype or belief of one, two, or even all three of the above theorists which reveals the large influence of the subconscious mind on dreams. Overall, it can be concluded that dreams are quite often reflecting of, or related to, the subconscious mind of the dreamer. This can be seen in all three of the major theories presented and through the eight major types of dreams which have been immovable through said theories. For example, In Freuds theory, he states his belief that dreams are the subconscious minds release of suppressed desires and ambitions of the dreamer.Freud believes these suppressed desires must be released, so the mind releases them in the form of a dream, which can often be incredibly disturbing. That is, until the subconscious mind intervenes, turning these disturbing dreams into cryptic and symbolic images which can really only be understood through psychoanalysis of the mind of the dreamer. Adlers theory, similar to Freudian theory, but not entirely the same claims that dreams are essentially problem solving devices. Adler believes that through dreams the subconscious mind of the dreamer brings forward waking life desires the dreamer may not even realizes exist yet.Adler states that the dream is used to make the conscious mind aware of what to do in waking life as it presents lessons to be learned from. Freud and Adler differ in that Freud believes the dream comes from the conscious mind and is edited and controlled by the subconscio us, whereas Adler believes the dream comes from the subconscious and is to teach the conscious, and make it more aware. Lastly is Jung who believes all dreams share in a number of specific archetypes and are a way of communicating and acquainting oneself with the subconscious.Jungs theory differs the greatest from Freudian theory and Adlers theory as Jung believes the conscious and subconscious mind come together in a dream, and work together to create images which express the psychological state, and views of the dreamer. Overall, each of these three theorists and the eight categories of dreams which resulted from their studies have revealed that the subconscious mind of the dreamer has great influence on dreams and that the subconscious, no matter what the dream, plays a major role in some aspect of the creation or portrayal of the dream.

Citizenship Education Essay

About the Citizenship human foot The Citizenship Foundation is an independent gentilityal benignity that aims to empower individuals to engage in the wider familiarity through education about the law democracy and society. We focus, in particular, on developing young peoples Citizenship skills, knowledge and understanding.Our pass water includes Citizenship resources for a wide audience from teachers to young offenders, res publicaal projects for radical schools, supple cultivation initiatives for secondary schools, nationwide training programmes, and community-based projects to develop citizenship education as a collective responsibility beyond school and college boundaries. Theme 1 Purposes and Values At the Citizenship Foundation we conceive that the main(a) phase presents an eventful opportunity for children to contact sense of the changing society and the shrinking world they live in.While primary school teachers have never found it knockout to think about what ki nd of citizens they would like their children to catch, the opportunities for developing the childrens knowledge have, in recent years, been squeezed by the need to deliver the perfume subjects and the pressure of SATs. on that point are, at best, limited opportunities for teachers in English schools to cover social topics such as family or crime because, unlike the situation in many Continental countries, there is no tradition of a social studies curriculum for this age group.B. B. 1. B. 2. The findings of the recent UNICEF report i underline the need to attend to pupils social well-being. For illustration the UK had the lowest proportion (43. 3%) of 11 and 13 year olds who described their friends as kind and helpful. We consider it of vital importance to cultivate in primary aged children a concern to act fairly, responsibly and with compassion. B. 3. We believe that Citizenship Education is essential to individual empowerment.Not only should it be statutory, it should be a o utcome element of the primarycurriculum, integrating taught and experiential erudition in a coherent counsel leading towards a full understanding of what it means to be a member of the community with rights and responsibilities. As part of our endurance to the Education and Skills Select Committees investigation into Citizenship Educationii, we have called for the current joint PSHE and Citizenship non-statutory fabric to be accorded statutory status The uncreated Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007.1 B. 4. Every small fry Mattersiii and the Education Act 2002 make it a duty to consult children. Children therefore need to be systematically taught and given opportunities to develop the necessary skills, language and confidence to enable them to participate to the full in decision reservation processes. Citizenship Education provides an opportunity for broadening cultural, social and political horizons, in particular in respect to developing a sense of identity, and an storage area of the diversity of our society.These important functions of a broad social education should not be relegated to the margins or the optional, as they are within the non-statutory programme of study. With the lower of the age of criminal responsibility, it is important that children have the opportunity to establish a sense of social and moral responsibility and develop a clearer understanding of the temperament of their legal and moral rights and responsibilities. Changing societal conditions and the earlier onset of adolescence have made it urgent for primary schools to do more by way of open social and moral education.For example, children are exposed to the media, and have access to the internet in a way that was not the case even at the beat of the introduction of the National computer program. In 2003 the OECDiv placed the UK at the bottom of a league table of young peoples risk behaviours, which included drinking, smoking, blustery and sexual activity. At the Citizenship Foundation we believe that the primary curriculum should be broad enough to provide an intellectual radical for choice, affording children the ability to make prudent decisions at later stages of their education.Citizenship Education supports children in their personal development, equipping them to investigate the wider social and economic world, and to develop personal aspirations for it. In addition it lays the foundations for their political literacy and raises the skills of community engagement. It provides them with an early introduction to financial literacy and agencies offering welfare support, providing them with knowledge of where to go for help which is essential, in an increasingly complex world, to the economic well-being, both of the individual and the nation as a whole.B. 5. B. 6. Theme 2 Learning and Teaching B. 7. We know that spoken language is a vital part of human development in the first ten years of life, and that it is a strong determinant of childrens ability to handle the written word. Citizenship Education is a vital component in any holistic approach to literacy and oracy, providing children with opportunities to analyse, compare, evaluate, reason, argue and justify. The work of psychologists such as Mercerv demonstrates the educational importance of exploratory talk to address shared problems.Citizenship issues are spicy in such potential because they are real and relevant. Dunnvi has shown that attitudes and social concepts are shaped from an early age. From Key Stage 1 Citizenship Education provides an opportunity for teachers to keep the development of this understanding in the context of a variety of issues salient to the young people themselves, developing understanding and fostering empathy before attitudes become entrenched. B. 8. The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007.2 It offers a context through whic h children whoremaster develop critical thinking skills and emotional literacy in a coherent, integrated way. B. 9. Current educational practice, and the emphasis on target setting has led to more individualised learning, yet Vygotskyvii has identified learning as a social, interactive process that requires talk overion, exchange and the sharing of perspectives. Citizenship learning provides opportunities for participation and active involvement.It is characterised by social thinking, and give the axenot be isolated or atomistic, as typified by some(prenominal) of the learning that currently takes place. Activities involving teamwork and enquiry skills, using Wallacesviii TASC (Thinking Actively in a Social Context) model for example, build a sense of interdependence and community. B. 10. Recent question shows that childrens peers can be a powerful influence on their receptivity and motivation to learn. We also know that profound knowledge is acquired through the functional app lication of knowledge we learn best through doing.Citizenship is rich in opportunities for discussion and dialogue amid young people, and for applying their knowledge to make a variety to the world some them. The most efficient Citizenship Education is built around pedagogical approaches that place active learning at the core. B. 11. Researchers such as Margaret Donaldsonix invoke that concepts presented in familiar contexts enable children to grasp ideas more readily than when they are concept free, yet there is still a tendency to teach the core subjects in a vacuum.The notion of curriculum breadth needs to be critically revisited, such that breadth is defined through a range of learning experiences rather than simply a collection of subjects. We also know that children are more likely to recall matters which are important to them. Citizenship Education can occupy both these characteristics of learning, firstly by presenting a real life framework, or big picture, to help chi ldren make sense of new knowledge, and secondly by tackling issues of relevance and value to them such as fairness, bullying and responsibility for the environment.Indeed, Citizenship Education can provide a meaningful context for much of the primary curriculum, particularly aspects of learning in Literacy, History and Geography. It can also afford children opportunities to demonstrate their abilities across a wide range of intelligences, including inter-personal and intra-personal, which are currently not treasure and assessed through SATs. Theme 3 Curriculum and Assessment B. 12. At the Citizenship Foundation we believe that primary education should try to achieve Excellence and merriment x across all subjects.Currently there is a tendency to focus on excellence in the core subjects while restricting enjoyment to the foundation subjects in the wider curriculum, as tends to be implied by the Primary National Strategy (PNS)xi. A more holistic, coherent and enriched approach is ne eded, with the childrens personal experiences, and their place and incoming in society, as a key focus. The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 3 B. 13. During the primary phase children develop an increasing awareness of social and environmental issues.They are entitled to opportunities to develop more informed, reflective and balanced views on these issues. The curriculum needs to be constructed in a way which promotes a higher level of interaction and cognitive engagement, as opposed to teaching with low cognitive engagement leading to pre-determined answers. Citizenship, with its emphasis on oracy, active learning, and emotional literacy can play an important role in redressing the imbalance of an overly narrow curriculum, and in providing children with the opportunities to apply their knowledge in areas such as peer mediation, school democracy and community involvement.B. 14. Citizenship Education fosters social develop ment and nurtures the social self, thus enriching the school community. Citizenship-rich primary schools (where practices such as peer mediation, students as researchers and school councils are embedded) offer social learning activities which are shown to have maturational and behavioural benefits to the individual and for the whole school. These benefits have the potential to become widespread across all schools if Citizenship is made statutory.B. 15. Citizenship Education is currently under-recognised and under-developed in the primary phase. This is especially the case in Key Stage 2 where issues such as bullying, stealing, the role of the police, respect for law, and community cohesion issues are commonly addressed but not always from a Citizenship perspective or in a consistent manner. Yet this is the time when attitudes to authority figures are being shaped. Moreover, the risk is that key issues are overlooked.For example, whilst young people are criminally responsible by age ten, this significant fact and its implications, are not systematically communicated to primary school pupils as part of the statutory curriculum. B. 16. We believe that the core concepts and skills associated with Citizenship should be more precisely mapped and strengthened, and that there should be a clear pathway of progression, with identified cross-curricular links, from the Foundation Stage through to Year 6, bringing Citizenship Education into line with and providing a sound foundation for Key Stages 3 and 4. B. 17.With regard to formative assessment we believe that the most appropriate method of assessment at this stage of learning is one based on success criteriaxii which leads to more focused teaching, and enables and motivates children to judge and improve their own performance in relation to the specific learning objectives which depart have been identified above, for example objectives associated with enquiry and communication skills. B. 18. We are currently working w ith the QCA to develop an appropriate eight point assessment outdo to support the teaching of Citizenship across the primary and secondary phases.This entrust be based as much as possible on the empirical work of developmental psychologists, including their work on concept and empathy development. The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 4 Theme 5 Diversity and Inclusion B. 19. In his recent review of Diversity and the Citizenship Curriculumxiii, Sir Keith Ajegbo highlighted the need to promote understanding between communities, and the importance of combating intolerance and religious extremism.He suggests that teachers should be prepared to tackle moot topics such as immigration and the legacy of the British Empire, and that Citizenship lessons are the appropriate forum in which children can discuss and debate their identities. Whilst his focus was the secondary curriculum, we believe that this work should begin in the pr imary phase. B. 20. Indeed, from April 2007, upon the implementation of the Education and Inspection Act (2006), all schools, primary and secondary, have a statutory duty to promote social cohesion.Citizenship Education provides the logical curriculum response to this duty. B. 21. Citizenship Education is the subject which provides the most natural forum for discussion of issues relating to equal opportunities, diversity, faith and culture. Work around topics such as similarity and difference and rights and responsibilities helps children develop empathy, deepens understanding and builds greater confidence to express personal views. It supports them in developing a sense of who they are, what they can do, and how they belong.Thus it helps create social cohesion, which is essential for our personal well-being, and the maintenance of strong communities. Theme 8 Beyond the School B. 21. Every staff and governing tree trunk needs to reflect on the purpose of their school, and its wide r relations with the community. Active community engagement is central to the Citizenship Education programme. Citizenship Education has the capacity for building links between home, school, and the community in which they are situated.Parents and their children belong to the same neighbourhood, national and global communities, and Citizenship Education can promote meaningful intergenerational activities. When children participate in projects aimed at making a difference to their community, or become engaged in research about the views and responsibilities of people from a variety of social strata and professions, they begin to see themselves as active members of wider society Theme 10 Funding and Governance B. 22. When Citizenship Education is appropriately represented within the primary curriculum, it will need to be resourced and funded accordingly.At the Citizenship Foundation we believe there to be a need for a coherent National Strategy for Teaching and Learning in Citizenshi p, fully endorsed by the DfES and QCA, and that this can only be implemented with proper training for headteachers and their staffs. This analysis is now supported by the report of the Select Committee. Equipped with the professional expertise, teachers will be enabled to recognise, nurture and develop The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 5 particular interests, talents and capacities to make it possible for each individual to beckon in our society.B. 23. We recommend that every school be required to establish a school council constituted largely of pupil representatives, and that pupil representatives should be invited to become associate members of their school governing bodies, in line with the new governing body regulations introduced in 2003. C. Conclusion C. 1. Citizenship Education has the potential to create more effective learners by promoting a reflective approach, enabling connection of knowledge, developing gre ater facility for shared learning with others, and increasing engagement and self-direction.Above all, Citizenship Education can play an important part in developing engaged and responsible citizens. The Citizenship Foundation has always argued that the failure to make Citizenship Education statutory in primary schools was a missed opportunity and results in developmental delay in this area. There are examples of excellent Citizenship practice in the primary phase on which to build but we argue that that current provision (based on a non-statutory joint framework for PSHE and Citizenship) is inadequate, and deserves a much higher profile.We recognise that primary schools and practitioners will need support for the implementation of the above developments, and in the light of this the Citizenship Foundation is campaigning for A designated co-ordinator in every school, supported by an LA consultant Citizenship to feature in a revised primary SEF form NCSL primary programmes to inc lude a primary dimension We will be pleased to discuss any aspect of this submission with the review team. C. 2 C. 3. C. 4.The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 6 References i UNICEF Report on Child Well-Being in Rich Countries (2007) Education and Skills Select Committee Report on Citizenship Education TSO (2007) Every Child Matters DfES (2003) ii iii iv OECD partnership Table of Young Peoples Risk Behaviour. Programme of International Studies Assessment (PISA) (2003) Mercer, N. (2000) Words and Minds How We Use lyric to Think Together. Routledge. Dunn, J.(1988).The Beginnings of Social Understanding, Blackwell Publishing. Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and Language Cambridge,MAMIT Press v vi vii viii Wallace, B. Maher. J. et al (2004) Thinking Skills and Problem Solving An Inclusive Approach David Fulton Publishers Donaldson, M. (1978) Childrens Minds. Fontana Press Excellence and Enjoyment DfES (1993) Primary National Strategy (PNS) DfES (2003) ix x xi as advocated by Shirley Clarke in Enriching Feedback in the Primary Classroom.(2003) Hodder & Stoughton xiii xii Ajegbo, Sir K. Diversity and Citizenship Curriculum Review (2007) The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 7 About the Authors marguerite Heath is an experienced Primary Headteacher who now directs the Go-Givers programme at the Citizenship Foundation. Go-Givers is a major new resource for teaching and learning about Citizenship in primary schools which is to be launched in June 2007.Don Rowe is Director, Curriculum Resources at the Citizenship Foundation and a co-founder of the Foundation. He has produce and advised widely on Citizenship Education in Primary and Secondary schools. Tony Breslin is Chief Executive at the Citizenship Foundation and has published and advised widely on Citizenship Education and in a range of related educational fields. Ted Huddleston is a Project Mana ger at the Citizenship Foundation, and currently leads on the Citizenship Manifesto programme.He has published and advised widely on Citizenship Education. Elizabeth Griffiths is an experienced primary practitioner working on the development of Go-Givers at the Citizenship Foundation. Contact Marguerite Heath The Citizenship Foundation, 63 Gee Street, London EC1V 3RS Tel 020 7566 4148 Email marguerite. heathcitizenshipfoundation. org. uk The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 8 The Primary Review submission from the Citizenship Foundation Citizenship Foundation, March 2007 9.

Paper Camp

DRUG ADDICTION AS A PROBLEM-DETERMINED SYSTEM A CASE STUDY Introduction Drug dependance seems to be a rapidly growing societal problem that leaves many lives destroyed in its wake. Families argon ripped apart by its devastating impact, and countless medicate addicts are unable to free themselves from the powerful grip of medicate addiction and consequently pay with their lives. According to Edmonds and Wilcocks (1995), dose addiction is a very true(a) problem in South Africa. It affects people from all walks of life and can no longer be considered a localised problem.Jackson, Usher and OBrien (2006) piece that the experience of having a family member that is addicted to drugs, especially a child, had a profound effect on other members of the immediate family as well as on the family relationships. Butler and Bauld (2005) highlighted the devastation parents experienced in learning that their child was addicted to drugs and the subsequent impact that this had on their lives. Groh sman (2007) argues that the impact of drug addiction goes beyond the individual and the family, as the ripples thereof can overly be felt in the larger community and economy.Therefore, it seems that parents, families, teachers, community and church leaders, healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, establishment and society at large, have a tremendous task ahead in the prevention and treatment of drug abexercising throughout the coun canvas. Just interchangeable a tree bears fruit when conditions are optimal for such an occurrence to take place, the problem of drug addiction is also assumed to develop deep down the consideration of a system of relatedness that put forth just the right ingredients for its emergence.Therefore, as the 3 researcher, I set out to explore the specific interactions in the midst of map players that created a suitable environment for the problem of drug addiction to emerge. As human beings, we are affable creatures and thus our life experie nces are inevitably tied up in the experiences of others. Any attempt to understand a particular individual has to include those that form part of that individuals environmental science of living Statement of the problem ? Drop in attendance and performance at work or school. Engaging in secretive or mirthful behaviors. ? Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies. ? Unexplained change in personality or attitude. ? Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts. ? Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness. ? To built up a drug tolerance ? take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. ? lost control over your drug use ? life revolves around drug use ? abandoned activities you used to enjoy,. continue to use drugs, despite knowing its hurting you. Significance of the memorize The use of this check was to top a better understanding of how a problem getd system developed around a case of drug addiction within the context of a system of r elatedness. The epistemological framework informing this qualitative nurture was constructivism. The six participants who took part in the study represent the most prominent role players in the particular context of living.The individual battling with drug addiction, his parents, older sister, maternal grandmother and maternal aunt were interviewed. The methods of data collection employed were semi-structured interviews, a chronological event chart, genograms, and an eco-map. The interviews were interpreted using the hermeneutic burn up. The different antecedents that emerged from each participants story were integrated in relation to each other and with keep to the collaborative sources of data.The most dominant themes extracted within this study are the initial reactions to Andrews drug addiction, life changes experienced due to Andrews drug addiction, support, as well as the meanings attributed to Andrews drug addiction. Further researcher into problem-determined systems in d ifferent cultures is recommended. To Students Firstly, the one reason of drug abuse among university students is companion pressure, particularly from the social influences among friends, school, and the community.If their social main group is using drugs, it can risk for teens because they are the juncture age that really easy to be persuaded. For example, most of university students got a gang of money from their parents and a lot of students left home and have a freedom to stay in dormitory by themselves, these can cause teenagers to try drugs just to fit in the social norms, they might do it to impress their buddies to be considered cool as part of being in the group and gain acceptance by friends.To Everybodyas we now, today this entire staff called drug, affect mostly young people and it is more obvious in places where there are many gathered, like university because of the easiness of finding drugs in university, whenever they want, it is really easy for them to buy it beca use of weak lawenforcement in our country. In short, University students use drug because peer pressure, faulty function of the family, to relive their depression and theweak lawenforcement. I think it is a big problem so much and we should do anything to treasure them from drug.They need to be more educated about drug abuse and have a stopping drug campaign. Moreover, the most important that can process is a family. Strong family relationship, interest in your teens, talking with reasons can prevent drug use Limitations of the Study Throughout the entire process of completing this study, the quest limitations were found The focus of this study was only directed on the experiences of one particular family in one specific culture. This narrow scope might be considered a limitation to this study, as it only explored how a single Caucasian family ascribed meaning to their particular experience of rug addiction. However, the main reasoning or campaign force of this study was not to generalise the experiences of a particular family as being similar or dissimilar to the experiences of other families. Therefore, the qualitative druthers of this study allowed me as the researcher to focus my attention solely on the manner in which one family conceptualised their experiences of drug addiction. As was pointed out, Terre Blanche et al. (2006) explain that a qualitative approach allows the researcher to study selected issues in depth, openness and etail as it involves the studying of real-life situations as they unfold naturally. Therefore, the focus of this study was not aimed at aspects of generalised applicability that would light upon within the domain of quantitative research. Another limitation to this study was the absence of Tims perspective regarding the family drama. However, it was each participants privilege and right to square up whether they wanted to partake in this research study. Tims refusal to be a part of this research study was therefore respec ted. Review or related determine Personal history and backgroundChildhood memory pic In response to the news of Andrews drug addiction, David and Lauren both blamed themselves and tried to make sense of the situation. Both Emma and Sophia underwrite that they also blamed David and Lauren for Andrews drug problem. When Katie heard about Andrews drug addiction, she blamed him for it, while Andrew also compositioned that he only had himself to blame. The outset theme contains all the initial reactions experienced by the participants shortly after Andrews drug problem was exposed. Moreover, Andrews reaction to the responses from is family is also included here. former(a) adolescence Lauren, David, Katie, Emma and Sophia all account experiencing shock. Both Lauren and David reported experiencing devastation, helplessness and guilt. Yet Lauren and David also felt relieved as they reported how the puzzle pieces fell into place at that moment. Emma was the only participant to report fee lings of utter disbelief, and Katie was the only participant who reported that she was not surprised by the news of Andrews drug addiction as she had all along been suspecting that something was wrong with Andrew.Andrew reported feeling embarrassed and sad when he told his family about his drug problem. Turning point Theme Two aliveness Changes Experienced due to Andrews Drug Addiction This theme characterises all the changes that resulted in the family from the impact of Andrews drug addiction. Also included in this theme are the changes that took place in Andrews own life as a result of his drug addiction. Emotional changes Lauren and David reported that they felt helpless, guilty and overwhelmed by Andrews drug addiction. Emma and Sophia reported that they felt overwhelmed by the extent of their involvement.Both Lauren and Andrew reported that they both felt utterly alone during this time. 15 Katie was the only participant to report that she felt tied-down by her responsibilitie s toward her own family, and that she was subsequently rather uninvolved in Andrews problems. Andrew reported that he felt anger towards his family. Identity changes Lauren, David and Andrew reported that they perspective of themselves as failures. Lauren felt that she had failed as a mother and David felt that he failed as a father. Andrew reported that he was labelled as the black sheep of the family when his drug addiction became public.David was the only participant to report that he was embarrassed by Andrew. Occupational changes Lauren reported that her occupational situation had become stressful as she repeatedly had to take time off from work as a result of Andrews drug addiction. She often had to attend court hearings when he had been arrested. Andrew reported that he had lost his job as a result of his drug addiction. Relationship changes Lauren, David, Katie and Andrew all reported that there was much more conflict between the family members. David and Lauren reported th at communication within the family had become constrained.Emma and Sophia reported that they became much closer to the members of the Joubert family as a result of their involvement. Katie was the only participant to report that she visited her parents less because Andrew was there. Reinforcement The orientation of this study is also adequately disclosed in that, as the researcher, I clearly demarcated my personal interest in the study and expectations thereof. The nature of the study was also clearly explained. As the researcher, my engagement with the material is reflected through the hermeneutic process of data analysis, which attempts to discover meaning and to achieve understanding.Consequently, specific themes were identified that seem to underlie each participants unique experience regarding the topic of the study. Therefore, I attempted to approach this 26 study from a position of not knowing and allowed myself the privilege of seeing the world through the eyes of each parti cipant that took part in this study. The hermeneutic process of data analysis also allowed me the prospect to firmly ground the various interpretations, by linking each identified theme with examples from the specific interviews conducted with the participants.The validity of this study was obtained by utilising the triangulation strategy. The data generated in this study was obtained from bigeminal sources such as the literature study, the description of the family and its members, the genograms, a chronological event chart, an eco-map and semi-structured interviews. The validity of this study is further strengthened by the overall coherence reflected in the qualitative nature, postmodern ontology, constructivist epistemology, literature study, hermeneutic method of analysis and collaborative resources chosen for this study.As such, a visible thread of relevance runs through the different facets of this study. The study also appears fruitful as it provides an abundance of rich an d meaningful descriptions about drug addiction as a problem-determined system. In particular, the participants that took part in this study all agreed that the ways in which I engaged them individually had make sense to them. As such, catalytic validity has been achieved. Conclusion This study allowed me as the researcher the profound privilege of bearing witness to intricate complexities of the Joubert family drama.Through the stories told by each participant, the themes that seem to underlie them, and from the collaborative sources of data, I was able to see how Andrews drug addiction developed within the context of his family system. The following hypotheses were made It appears that the Joubert family has always had extremely limiting rules to which each member had to adhere. These rules inevitably resulted in the establishment of redundant 28 patterns of interaction between the family members.The limited family repertoire provided a sense of stability as it ensured the predict ability of each family member. Perhaps Andrews birth marked the start of this familys evolution from an undifferentiated blob of sameness to greater individual differentiation. When Andrew was much younger, it was easier for the family to maintain its stability or status quo by fence the difference of opinion or the new information that Andrew tried to bring to the family system. At this time, Andrew was merely pushed toward the periphery of the family as he was labelled the black sheep and the outsider.Thus, by reframing the difference that Andrew brought to his family as deviance, the family was able to remain homeostatic and unchanged. But despite the Joubert familys commitment to sameness, they had managed to create the context for change. Their immediate response to the challenge that Andrews drug addiction posed to their stability, was to form a problem-determined system whereby they all agreed through their languaging that Andrews drug addiction was in fact a problem. In th is manner, the family tried to keep Andrew as their scapegoat by once again labelling him as the sole carrier of the problem.However, Andrews drug addiction was much stronger than the homeostatic tendency of the Joubert family unit, and so evolution could take place. As a result, the stable family system was pushed off its axes and relationships were altered to such an extent that greater differentiation amongst the family members was made possible. Finally, it seems appropriate to say that where there was a beginning there is now an ending and in that way the study has come full circle as it achieved that which it has set out to achieve.

Molecular Archaeology

Different methods have been used and argon being used in the depth psychology of archeologic data. Among contrarys, diametrical archaeometric fields such(prenominal) as paleoecology (paleozoology, paleobotany and pllenanalysis), dating methods (radiocarbon-dating and dendrochronology) and analytical chemistry had been used for the evaluation of the quantity and quality of distinguishable archaeological substances (Kiesslich, n.d.). Given the temper of archaeology, evaluated data atomic number 18 analyzed on the point of view of history.The recent discoveries in science particularly in genetics and molecular biology have feastn rise to an opposite method of scientific analysis of archaeological data. The new developments allow easier investigation of ancient form not only(prenominal) through paleoecology, dating and chemical methods but on a molecular level. This new branch of archaeological analysis is what is now cognise as molecular Archaeology.Christianson (2007) of the Minnesota State University gives a more perspicuous description of the field. According to him, Molecular Archaeology is an emergent field in archaeology that has been brought about by the advancements of the recognition and understanding of desoxyribonucleic acid, focusing on the acquisition of either deoxyribonucleic acid or mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and being able to determine species of natural archaeological finds as well as determine blood lines and/or sex of animal or human system.It is this use of the DNA in the analysis of archaeological data that differentiates Molecular Archaeology from the separate methods of archaeological analysis. It is the biologic function of this DNA that makes molecular archaeology an irreplaceable field in analytical archaeology. This DNA contains genetic schooling which, once kn knowledge, could provide special teaching about the private properties of the probe (Christianson, 2007). These individual properties include unrivaleds s pecies, population, and gender. Also, by dint of the use of DNA residues, verity in reconstructing subsistence and related cultural activities is more probably. As a result, we gain more knowledge and understanding of the lives of our ancestors and the environment they lived in as well as of the other creatures that coexisted with them (Christianson, 2007).There was a time when molecular archaeology seemed to be inconceivable. This was when scientists believed that DNA-preservation was impossible in biological remains. Previous studies have shown that it only took days or even hours for degradation to occur after the death of an individual. With degradation, of course, is the loss of significant genetic training (Keisslich, n.d.).It is one study in the early eighties defied this scientists mode put belief on the relationship between degradation and DNA-preservation and paved the way for molecular archaeology and the use of DNA in the analysis of archaeological data. This is the boffo detection of inherent genetic information in a 4000-year-old Egyptian mummy (Kiesslich, n.d.)Furthermore, the invention of analytical methods in molecular biology boosted the field of molecular archaeology. In 1988, Mullis and Saiki published a study on Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Practically, they invented the PCR or the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique which do possible the detection and characterization of even minimal traces of DNA. In theory, the presence of even a single intact molecule of DNA can give a positive result (Kiesslich, n.d.)The impact of molecular archaeology particularly its use of DNA in evaluating data has been proven to be a enceinte leap in archaeological research. Because DNA is a huge aspect of molecular archaeology, it is necessary even for the general studies of this subject to include information on the nature of the DNA.DNA is a helically-twisted macromolecule consisting of a sugar-phos phate backbone. Each sugar in the DNAs sugar-phosphate backbone is bound to one side-chain which may be different for each whole. It is this side-chain that represents a single basic unit of DNA or DNA-base. It is the connection between a few to several billions of base-pairs connected by one polymer unit that produces a double helix, particular to the DNA. (Kiesslich, n.d.)The function of the DNA is mainly the maintenance and passing of genetic information from p bent to progeny. This genetic information is encoded in 4 different letters (A, C, G, T) which represent the bases or the basic units. Three of the letters together correspond to the next superior information unit (Kiesslich, n.d.)The DNA not only functions for the maintenance and passing of genetic information but also for the control of the biological functions of each cell. For living organisms, it is located in the nucleus of the cells and in small cellular compartments called mitochondria. This mitochondria are consid ered as the powerhouses of the cell because it provide for the energy needed for cellular processes. Like nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has their own chromosomes. In general, a cell contains only two copies of nuclear DNA and as much as a thousand copies of mitochondrial DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.).What is crucial to the nature of the DNA is the sequence of its 4 discriminable bases or the base-sequence. It is this base-sequence that represents the genetic information passed on from parent to progeny and controls the cellular chemical reactions. It is this sequence that is the targeted information in the analysis of archaeological facts and this sequence can only be determined through the application of methods in molecular biology (Kiesslich, n.d.).Information given by an individuals DNA is not limited to the individual but also to pathogens which include microorganisms and bacteria, as well as biological materials and the diet of a settlement (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA of microorganisms an d bacteria can be determined through paleopathology and paleoepidemiology. DNA of biological material can be determined through paleoecology, paleobotany and paleozoology.An extracted intact DNA would give the whole genetic information of an individual. This genetic information can be accessed using different sequence-specific DNA probes which also provide information implyd for archaeological analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.)There is a difference between the origin of DNA from the nucleus and DNA from the mitochondria. Note that DNA from the nucleus persists only as two copies for every cell while mitochondrial DNA persists at an average of a few thousand copies per cell. Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA require a minimum state of preservation to obtain the specific sequence information. The greater quantity of mitochondrial DNA allows it to be more readily handy compared to nuclear DNA. It is also more resistant to degradation processes after death as well as diaganetic influences com pared to nuclear DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.).The two types of DNA are different in the types of information that can be obtained. In nuclear DNA, information about an individuals genetic constitution can be obtained. This includes the individuals species, gender, fingerprint and chemical attraction with other individuals. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial DNA provides information that allows the assessment of maternal lineage within a community. This is because mitochondrial DNA is exclusively maternally hereditary. The mitorchondrial DNAs comparatively slow mutational rate also allows greater evaluation of genetic context for individuals. In effect, individuals can be classified through middle and long-range temporal classification (Kiesslich, n.d.). use information on the X and Y chromosomes, gender can be determined easily using molecular biological methods (Faerman and Filon, 2005). As it is known, gender is one of the most significant features of an individual and is likewise significant in archaeological analysis. Among other parts, gender can be and is usually determined using the teething and the bones (Kiesslich, n.d.). Sex-specific genes are located in the X and Y chromosomes.Still, the determination of gender is not limited to molecular biological means. The determination of the gender of an individual remains can be done through conventional methods including morphometry. This happens when convenience is not the issue but the quality of the sample itself when it is too damaged or when the remains that are analyzed belonged to an infant. As a rule, a few grams of bone or tooth is enough for DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.).Gender determination through DNA-analysis can be exemplified by the study done in South Israel, at a bath house at a burial site of Roman Askalon. It must(prenominal) be noted that in Ancient Askalon infanticide was a widespread phenomenon (The advent of Molecular Archaeology, 2005).Behind the bath house, archaeologists found more than 100 skeletal remains of infants which at first were thought as the remains of unsought girls. The epigraph stating Enter, Enjoy and and the several lamps with erotic motifs gave rise to a theory which was confirmed using DNA-analysis. by means of gender determination by DNA-analysis, it was found out that the skeletal remains that were found did not only belong to unwanted girls but also to unwanted boys. The bath house was confirmed to be a brothel and the skeletal remains were the infants of the women who used to work at the place (Kiesslich, n.d.).Meanwhile, the issue on whether or not tuberculosis was brought to Peru by Columbus and his successors was clarified using DNA analysis. One study reported that the DNA of tuberculosis pathogens already existed even among 600-900-year-old Peruvian mummies (Kiesslich, n.d.).Nuclear DNA-analysis is also used in the identification of remains. In history, the remains of Josef Mengele in Brazil as well as the identification of the remains of the Romanov family in Jekatrinenburg after the Bolshevik Revolution were identified using DNA-fingerprinting (Kiesslich, n.d.).The analysis of organic residues in some jars found in Egyptian Amphorae allowed the discovery of what commodities were transported to Egypt during the Late tan Age and the links between the tooth roots of the jars, the commodities and the way of transport of substances in the Mediterranean world (Stern, 2001).Mitochondrial DNA analysis was used in the investigation of the tyrolean Ice-man (The approaching of Molecular Archaeology, 2005). The findings of the investigation revealed a high DNA-sequence homology to todays population in the Northern alps (Kiesslich, n.d.) and showed a great fit to the Northern European context. In this case, uniform and tools associated with the findings were also investigated aside from the individual body, giving an idea on vegetation during the era (Kiesslich, n.d.).DNA-analysis also covers topics historical and anthropo logical topics particularly population-genetics. Population-genetics include the tracing of migrations and distributions of populations. For example, relationship analysis was done with some individuals in Forida (Kiesslich, n.d.). DNA-analysis can also be used to trace genealogical origins and also in the determination of possible threats of diseases from ancestors. witnesser materials for DNA-analysis are not limited to bones and teeth. As a matter of fact, anything that could possibly contain DNA, even if not part of the individuals body can be a source material. Source materials can range from biological remains such as skeletons, bodies, bones, hair, teeth, forensic and medical preparations, museum specimens, fossils and objects that an individual has come in speck with (Kiesslich, n.d.).It must be remembered that DNA-analysis is a procedure which involves the destruction of the specimen. This implies that once a specimen has been used for analysis, it cannot be reused. On th e other hand, even small amounts of materials, say, a piece of hair or a gram of bone is enough for any DNA-analysis as long as the specimen is of quality, depending on the sources chemical, physical, geological, ecological and biological history (Kiesslich, n.d.).A DNA can be expected to be intact and well-preserved if it has been maintained at low-temperatures such as the case of the Tyrolean Ice-man, or if it has been maintained in arid places. As a rule, DNA-degradation happens under humid conditions so specimens coming from deserts, and in polar regions or any other setting with similar conditions would produce more intact DNA specimens and more successful DNA analysis. Other conserving factors include anaerobic conditions such as that in Florida during the kinship analysis and the quantity of possible DNA specimens such in mummies (Kiesslich, n.d.).The less a specimen is affected by diagenetic processes, the more intact and well-preserved it will be when used for DNA-analysis. This is the reason why teeth and bones are commonly used for DNA-analysis. Their structure, and rigidity as well as the olive-sized hollow spaces with single cells, which undergo individual post-mortem mummification (Kiesslich, n.d.).In addition, these specimens are less affected by natural contamination during the life of the individual as well as post-mortem contaminations. present-day(a) contaminations in the specimens can also be easily removed before extracting the DNA. As noted earlier, teeth and bones are suitable material sources for the determination of gender and for any other DNA-analysis (Kiesslich, n.d.).In molecular archaeology as well as in any other field that require genetic analysis, collection of samples and pre-treatment require maximum precautions. This is to prevent contemporary errors which are possible sources of errors. Errors are especially crucial in DNA-analysis since specimens are not infinite (Kiesslich, n.d.).One simple precaution is to wear gloves and safety-masks. Also, tools and containers that will be used in the analysis should be sterile and free from other DNA contaminants. It must also be remembered that probing of specimens should be done directly at the excavation site, sealed and only opened until it get to the laboratory. whole these should be obligatory to prevent contamination and thus, errors (Kiesslich, n.d.)There are many procedures for the extraction of DNA from material sources. Naturally, speciments are cleaned first to remove physical contaminants such as soil and dirt. Specimens are then homogenized and placed in an extraction buffer. This extraction buffer contains compounds that are necessary for the breaking of the source-matrix. The breaking of the source matrix is done by decalcification or and proteinase-digestion. The end product is the extracted solubilized DNA (Kiesslich, n.d.).Similar to extraction, isolation and purification are also done through different procedures. Before doing the process, the chemical and physical conditions of the source material must first be evaluated. This is another preventive procedure to minimize errors from contaminants. Once the DNA in the source material has been purified and contained in an aqueous solution, substances that are co-extracted with the DNA including humic acids and other chemicals which have similar properties with the DNA must be removed to obviate false negatives in PCR reactions. These co-extrants could also inhibit enzymatic reactions (Kiesslich, n.d.).The most powerful tool for the investigation of DNA is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) because of its sensitivity which allows even a single intact DNA enough for detection. The PCR is an amplification procedure that is sequence specific. Here, sequence specific DNA probes are added to reactions considering reaction parameters necessary for the process.Through this, the target sequence is amplified until detectable amounts are obtained. However, further care must be d one in order to avoid contamination, particularly contemporary ones. Contemporary contaminants are better preserved in the PCR. To manage this, sporty extracts and zero-controls must be done for every extraction. In sum, controls are necessary to for the verification of the legitimacy of the results and in order to trace possible contaminations that are present (Kiesslich, n.d.).Zero-controls are PCR-reactions which do not contain the DNA being analyzed (Kiesslich, n.d.). They are blank extracts which contain everything that is required for the reaction used in the DNA-analysis such as solutions and buffers. In the same way as the source material, these controls undergo the same extraction steps.Much has been transformed by the discovery of DNA. In the past, archaeological investigations may be limited to the physical level. Today, it has reached the era when Archaeology intersects with Molecular Biology. There are still lots of evidences to discover. history is still filled with gaps. With the advent of Molecular Archaeology, strands may just be made and gaps may just be filled.ReferencesChristianson, B. (2007). Molecular Archaeology. Minnesota State University. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http//www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/archaeology/moleculararchaeology.html.Faerman, M., D. Filon, et al. (1995). Sex identification of archaeological human remains based on amplification of the X and Y amelogenin alleles. Gene, 167, (1-2) 327-32.Kiesslich, J. (n.d.). The Emerging Field of Molecular Archaeology. Retrieved 23 OctoberSaiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, et al. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science, 239, (4839) 487-91.Stern, B. (2001). Organic Residues in Egyptian Amphorae. University of Bradford. Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http//www.brad.ac.uk/acad/archsci/depart/resgrp/molarch/egypt.html.The Advent of Molecular Archaeology. (2005). Retrieved 23 October 2007 from http//humanitieslab.stanford.edu/2 /184.

Issue Report on Captive Breeding and Reintroduction

Wildwood Trust is a project situated on the edge of the Forest of Blean, in Kent. Wildwoods aim is to economic consumption the facilities in the woodland and animal collection to support practical conservation projects in the wild. There atomic number 18 over three hundred animals, many another(prenominal) of which ar endangered, taking part in conservation projects, and living in semi natural enclosures. The woodland is managed by coppice rotation, a process that takes outrank every(prenominal) 20 years where trees such as silver birch and sweet chestnut argon cut to ground level and then shoots allowed to regrow. This is an essential home ground for the hazel dormouse.The wood is a centre for captive fosterage and reintroduction for native endangered species such as hazel dormice and this example will be employ in this report to explain these issues.The Hazel Dormouse(Muscardinus avellanarius)The Hazel Dormouse is native to the countryside of Britain, predominantly souther n England (see figure 2), living in woodland areas and environments rich in coppice. The mice are an arboreal species spending the majority of their life in trees or bushes and only living on ground level during winter hibernation. The mice are considered a flagship species chosen to represent an environmental cause and raise support subsequently benefitting other species contained in the ecosystem.The populations of dormice were shown to learn disappeared from seven counties in England by The UK Mammal Society Dormouse want in 1984. The decline has been caused by human destruction of their woodland habitat through development, climate change and pressure from other species. Grey squirrels were introduced into England and ate the pull together that the dormice fed on whilst they hibernated. Climatic change caused warmer winters resulting in the early awakening of the dormice from hibernation, before the ripening of their food, and wetter summers stopped the dormice from foragin g.Dormice are listed on The realness Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and are protected by law, under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. This act prevents the killing, injuring, disturbing or detain of the dormouse. It also makes it illegal to possess or control the animal, damage its shelter and sell or buy the dormice without a licence. enwrapped engenderCaptive fosterage is the reproduction of animals in confinement under controlled conditions to be released into the wild. This is important for conservation of threatened species and is an example of ex situ (out of the natural habitat) conservation, but it raises implications. Captive breeding has taken place at Wildwood for dormice as part of the national dormouse captive breeding and reintroduction programme.The dormice are housed in an enclosure made of a wooden frame and earnings covering. Unlike other rodents theirs is a short breeding season having 1-2 small bed clothings of 4-7 offspring. The young stay with the mother for 6-8 calendar weeks, making it unlikely for more than one litter a year. In each(prenominal)(prenominal) enclosure the nestle boxes are kept 1.5m off the ground with protection from water and predators, water and food are hung on the side of the cage and the floor is covered with leaves and soil. subsequently hibernation the enclosure is filled with branches of vegetation to provide 3D space for the animals to use. This provides the ideal conditions for breeding with no disagreeable food finding. One enclosure can hold up to three individuals either two females and one male or one breeding checkmate and their offspring, under one year of age, and will be kept in the same groupings over winter. Adult males must be placed separately as they are territorial and will fight.Where do the breeding mice come from?In November nest boxes are go over and, if permission is granted from Natural England, wild dormice deliberation little than 15g can be taken. As these mice are underweight they have less chance of surviving winter hibernation and can be kept inside during this period in heated nest boxes. Other dormice are orphaned or get hold ofn into rescue centres and vets. The Common Dormouse Captive Breeders Group (CDCBG) chooses which individuals breed and how many are bred annually, which also helps to prevent inbreeding.The Paignton zoo studbook keeper gives each captive born(p) dormouse a stud book number, and their breeder will allocate each mouse a local ID number.GeneticsWhen animals reproduce factors are passed from parents to offspring. Genetic variation is the natural differences of individuals, across a population. A characteristic that will give dormice a disadvantage, for example short teeth, could prevent them from opening nuts, so if food was in short supply these mice would die and extended teethed mice would thrive. This would cause the gene for spaciouser teeth to become more common, whic h is the basis of natural selection. Natural selection, was a theory of Charles Darwin, in which better adapted animals would have more chance of survival, so becoming more predominant.Wildwood would like to preserve biodiversity which is the huge variation found within and between species and ecosystems on Earth.Offspring that are created from the same sets of genes will have similar genes to each other. Inbreeding is the breeding of animals that share more genes than the average population, they are related in some way. If inbreeding takes place the genes of their young will come from a very selective gene pool, making particular genes more predominant within a species. Inbreeding can lead to deformities and mutations as well as problems with repellent systems and an increase in genetic diseases. Inbreeding tends to reduce the number of alleles in a population, from source 1.A studbook for dormice was created in 2006 to keep track of mice kept by members of the CDCBG. The studboo k limits inbreeding and keeps breeding to first generation or wild caught animals. Breeders can use the studbook to selectively breed, mixing mice from different collections and different families. This will stop related mice from dominating the gene pool creating healthier mice and preserving genetic diversity.Future developments could include implantation of embryos and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) of the dormice. Selective breeding could be improved and gradually undesirable characteristics or weaknesses bred out. Cloning could be developed.Captive breeding raises many respectable, environmental, social and economic issues.Ethical issues.* There are various ethical issues that need consideration with regard to captive breeding. Animals have to be removed from their natural environment and put into captivity virtually locking them up and many people feel that in that respect should not be any interference with nature in this way even to avoid extinction. It could be the case tha t genetic diversity has already declined to the direct where it is irreversible.* There could be a case for protection to encourage breeding in the wild, by in situ methods of conservation, within the environment. However, captive breeding is used to concord species and improve numbers and is easier to manage.* Selective breeding increases genetic variation and produces healthier populations also preventing inbreeding. This reduces deformities and mutations but should humans interfere with natural reproduction? Inbreeding would sometimes naturally occur and if the population was kept large enough this would not often happen.EconomicalVisitors pay an entrance fee at Wildwood and this money goes towards the captive breeding scheme. However, they do not see the programme taking place as they would disturb the dormice and interfere with hibernation and reproduction.It could be that unless the programme continues indefinitely a lot of enthronement may be lost if the numbers continue to decline.EnvironmentUsing dormice from different collections to breed may spread diseases to other populations of dormice.ReintroductionReintroduction is releasing captive born animals into a particular environment to which they were once native and where they will be free from human supervision. Normally these populations experienced decline due to human preventative and will only succeed if the cause of the decline has been overcome. The reintroduction is considered successful if the animal has fully integrated into the local population and survived with no further aid or interaction from humans. Reintroduction projects must follow guidelines set out by the IUCN and Wildwood has released dormice back into their natural habitats. They use a soft release program, gradually using less human intervention.Seven weeks before release the litters are health screened at the Zoological Society and released if they pass the tests. Reintroduction is limited to once a year as criteria for s uitable sites are extensive and complicated. The population densities are less than 10 adults per hectare in their best environments.What does the health cover test for?The health screening takes place to check the animals do not have any disease that could be passed onto wild populations.Scientists test for* pathogenic bacteria* Tapeworms (cestodes)* Roundworms (strongyles)* Tubercolosis* ParasitesThe condition of the dormices coat, skin, face, genitals, feet and incisor teeth are checked and their weight should be between 18-24g for summer re-introduction. 8mm Pet-ID microchips are fitted in the dormice under anaesthetic for identification in the future.Where is a dormouse released?An ideal site for the dormicewouldwould notbe an old wood with different layers of vegetation,already have a dormouse community (males may kill new dormice)have lots of undergrowth,have less than ascorbic acid nest boxes in the woodland.have deciduous trees,Place males less than 100m apart, as they ar e territorial.have coppicing taking place regularly,Have related dormice close by to stop inbreedinghave fruiting hazel,Be at least 20 hectares,have a site management plan.Figure 4 Table cover an ideal site for dormouse reintroduction.How Wildwood release their dormice1. Natural England is informed.2. Pre-release cages made of wire are attached to a group of hazel trees.3. 2-3 nest boxes placed in each cage, with a male and two females so in that respect is more of a chance of the animals staying together.4.Dormice then live in these whilst they acclimatise to the surroundings.5. For 2-3 weeks humans supply idle food everyday, during the day so the dormice are not disturbed. Also leafy branches are placed above pens to provide shade and protection from predators.6. One week to 10 days into the three week period, a hole, less than 3cm2 is made in the top corner of the cage. The mice can then explore the area and there cage can not be invaded by birds or squirrels.7. The frequency of feeding is reduced gradually until mid-September, when the animals should have found their own food supplies.8. The nest boxes are checked until October, where weights and number of offspring are recorded.9. Dormice are left to hibernate.10. Monitoring begins in May.Figure 5 Stages of reintroductionWhat is monitored and when does it take place?A long term monitoring plan should be made before any reintroduction, so that the species will successfully survive in a wild environment. After release nest boxes are checked by trained and licensed volunteers, who record numbers, sex, weight, breeding condition and offspring.The volunteers monitor the nest once a month from April to October, between the 15th and 25th of each month. Data should be collected before midday so torpid dormice can be seen, and a guinea pig Dormouse Monitoring Programme Record From must be completed.Conditions of release* Winter cleaning of empty boxes.* Dormice are released in June to prepare for hibernation. EthicalThere is an ethical duty for reintroduction because humans destroyed the dormices natural habitat and caused the population decline so they should restore the population. However, should animals be returned to the wild when there are still great(p) issues that led to the original decline?Microchips are put into the necks of the released dormice which are approximately a tenth of their body length. Anaesthetic is risky for small animals and interferes with their natural state. The chips are considered important for monitoring the dormice to help with the programme. They could be eaten by a predator in the food chain and the microchip would be affecting natural processes.If the reintroduction is not successful and the mice die this could be due to human error and animals may have suffered as a result of this.EconomicalThe scheme is expensive as the release is labour intensive, with staff needed to survey the area before and after release. This diverts resources from much more cost-effective ecosystem and habitat conservation measures.The health screening is expensive and microchips costs 8 per mouse on top of anaesthetic and vetinary bills.EnvironmentalThe nest boxes and cages used can intrude on the natural woodland, with the opening of dormice causing a shortage of food for the other animals in the ecosystem.SocialSome behaviour in genetically inherited but some is learnt from adults and experience. Captive bred animals do not gain this knowledge and are at a disadvantage when reintroduced. The mice might lose their ability to create their own nests.The reintroduced dormice could cause a problem to the local residents.

The Alternative Floor Polisher

banana Peel as an Alternative Floor buff RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND In present times, every establishment always use push down polishers for it may look presentable and fabulous to walk on. They atomic number 18 using commercialized ball over polishers which are made from synthetic trimmingss which has a bad door. Since it uses petroleum as its basis it is also flammable which makes it dangerous to valet de chambre health and may cause some hazards like fires. There are many advocacies promoting environment preservation and restoration. This may help in these advocacies.Because the main ingredient was just soap banana flake off so that will lessen the production of biodegradable garbage. Many articles and pamphlets say that banana peel is effective in shining and smoothening surfaces like shoes made up of leather. The product will cost lesser than those of commercial because only the tools and some additives are need to be bought, so we can assume convenience to those who will buy our product. Therefore we can conclude that this research will/ maybe be a abundant success and buyers will surely be satisfied on what will be the performance of the said product.It may also emit the old usage of just throwing banana peel instead they can collect it and donate for us to transform it into a more useful and effective product which run a risk to be the banana radical polisher. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main problem of this proposed study is to test the effectiveness of Banana Peel as an alternate nucleotide polisher. Specifically it attempts to answer the following research questions 1. Is banana peel as an alternative floor polisher effective? 2. What are the qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher? . What is the significant departure between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher? 4. What are the advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polishe r? 5. What is the average amount of banana peel to make an alternative floor polisher? HYPOTHESIS Based on the research questions identified, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis. 1. There is no effectiveness of Banana Peel as floor wax or an alternative floor polisher. 2.There are no qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher. 3. There is no significant difference between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher. 4. There are no advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher. 5. There is no average amount of banana peel to polish a 1m2 floor area. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK single-handed Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Effectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor PolisherTypes of Banana Peel to be utilise Banana Peel Amount of Banana Peel to be used as an Alternative Floor Polisher Control Variable Paradigm of the independent, dependen t, interpose and control variables on the effectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor Polisher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY These days, all establishments like houses, stores, apartments and others have these kinds of floor which are needed to be shine and polish to make it presentable and clean. Nowadays, many buildings are being constructed such s schools, factories, municipalities, offices, churches and etc. It is bully to have a building if the floor is smooth to walk on. The significance of this study is to help lessen the buying the expensive floor polishers. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher will help people especially the one who is cleaning their houses especially the floorings which are need to be shine or polish. These one-time(prenominal) few years, cleaning materials and products are so expensive to buy from stores and groceries to lessen the money we spend on commercialized floor polishers.We will make or use a natural floor polisher that is made u p of natural ingredients. This study will be the answer to common cleaning problems. Banana Peel as an alternative floor polisher will be the natures answers to the common problems. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher is good to your health not like the commercialized floor polisher that is made up of chemical substances that can harm your health. This product is cheap and eco-friendly. In make this product, materials are easy to find and it will not damage our environment.