Roosevelts Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Essay

Before considering Professor X’s assertion that the Roosevelt Corollary actually corrupted the Monroe Doctrine’s â€Å"benevolent intent,† it is worth considering whether or not the Monroe Docterine was as benevolent as the unnamed professor seems to suggest. Professor X considers Monroe’s 1823 Doctrine an act of benevolence, in which an increasingly dominant world power generously extends protection over its continental neighbors. Yet the Professor ignores the inherently imperialistic subtext that is contained within the Doctrine, and thus his comparison of the Monroe Doctrine to the Roosevelt Corollary omits a fundamental aspect of America’s colonialist history. Monroe wrote that Spain and Portugal’s efforts to improve the condition of†¦show more content†¦They become, as Deborah Poole claims, an â€Å"imperial subject,† the focus of the â€Å"anxious and interested spectators† whose â€Å"racial discourses, administrative habits, historical narratives, and spatial configurations†¦ form and legitimate imperial power†. With the public political protection of these nations assured in the eyes of other international â€Å"spectators† as a result of the Monroe Doctrine, the citizens of these nations felt an increased sense of protection that resonated throughout the region. Yet as the century progressed and America began using the Doctrine as the basis of militaristic action, these countries struggled to reconcile the idea of America as an ever-present force of veiled imperialism within their own national identity. This deceptively paternalistic hierarchy produced an evaluative system that rele gated the recipient of such political protection as inferior, and fundamentally undermined any larger political benevolence the Monroe Doctrine contained. Thus, ProfessorShow MoreRelated The Process of Making the Monroe Doctrine Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Process of Making the Monroe Doctrine United States president Theodore Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary, an addendum to the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, in response to European nations that were trying to force Venezuela to repay its debts. Roosevelt threatened to send naval ships to Venezuela if those nations sought to forcibly collect the debt. Stability must be preserved, Roosevelt said in his 1904 annual message to Congress, even if it requires an â€Å"exercise of international policeRead MoreProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesThananun Prasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela wasRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1245 Words   |  5 PagesRoosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt, often referred to as â€Å"Teedie† (Watts 1) was an American statesman, explorer, naturalist, author, soldier, and a reformer who served as the twenty-sixth President of the United states from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt was born October twenty-seventh, 1858 in Manhattan, New York City and died January sixth 1919 Cove Neck, NY. (Watts 1) He was the second of four children, his father, Theodore Sr. was a businessman and philanthropist. His motherRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1495 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt, often referred to as Teddy was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. Born October twenty-seventh, 1858, Manhattan, New York City and died January 6, 1919 Cove Neck, NY. The second of four children, His father, Theodore, Sr., was a well-to-do businessman and philanthropist. His mother, Martha Mittie Roosevelt, was a SouthernerRead MoreEssay about Foreign Policy - Roosevelt Corollary1109 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roosevelt Corollary greatly affected American foreign policy. It was in sharp contrast to the Monroe Doctrine, put in place to stop foreign intervention with the American continents. In 1823 President Monroe implemented US policy that stated European powers were not allowed to colonize or interfere with the newly budding United States or the Americas. In 1904 President Roosevelt expanded upon this policy in response to European intervention with Latin America. This policy became known asRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine And The United States Of America880 Words   |  4 PagesThis section of his speech became known as The Monroe Doctrine. About 80 years later, President Theodore Roosevelt built on top of the ideas in the Monroe Doctrine in his address to congress on Dec. 6, 1904. This is known as The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, in which he describes his intentions of ke eping the sovereignty of Latin American nations by force if necessary. Although Roosevelt directly links his ideas to the Monroe Doctrine, along with its similarities it also has a fewRead More Roosevelt Essay728 Words   |  3 Pages Theodore Roosevelt is said to have been one of the greatest presidents ever. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the presidency into foreign affairs by using The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated that the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere and also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors. This was brought about when the government of Venezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result EuropeanRead MoreEvolution of the Monroe Doctrine Essay2572 Words   |  11 PagesThe Monroe Doctrine The foreign policy objectives of the United States have changed drastically throughout the nation’s history. Old ideologies and policies have been abandoned and forgotten as America’s role in the global arena has developed. However, the Monroe Doctrine is an example of American foreign policy that has remained influential since its initiation shortly after America’s conception, up to the 21st century. The focus of this paper will be to analyze the evolution of the Monroe DoctrineRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 Pagespast policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to have the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particular amendment was called the Platt Amendment of 1901, and opened the door to United States expansionism under President Roosevelt. It was under this amendment that Cuba quickly became the foundation for the new Latin American policies of the U nited States. The Roosevelt Corollary was another important part of Roosevelt s Latin AmericanRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And William Howard Taft1501 Words   |  7 Pagescomparability. Through a comprehensive analysis of these two leaders on the subjects of foreign policy, we begin to parse out many similarities and differences between these two early 20th century leaders. First, we will look at aspects of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency as they pertain to issues of foreign policy and diplomacy. Famous for his â€Å"cowboy demeanor† and unwavering bravado, Roosevelt was once quoted talking about his diplomatic philosophy, noting that one should â€Å"speak softly and carry a big

Legal and Professional Issues In Nursing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Legal and Professional Issues In Nursing. Answer: Introduction In nursing, just like in any other profession, nurses are expected to adhere to certain professional standards, which include but are not limited to competency, professional code conduct, and ethics. Additionally, states have laws that professional ought to abide by, as far as conducting their duties is concerned (Buka, 2014, p.14). Thus, failure for nurses to adhere to those rules, standards, and regulations may and often attracts charges to maintain a certain degree of competency and professionalism expected of nurses. Thus, this paper focuses on a case study of two nurses on an infant. In so doing, the paper will look at the specific standard of practice; ethical, competence and professional applicable to the case study that the two nurses appear to have broken (Douglas et al., 2014, p. 118). In addition to that, the paper will weigh in on the legal provision relevant to the conduct of the two nurses. On the other hand, there have been cases of nurses engaging in malpractices. One of the most common forms of malpractices is a misdiagnosis, where a patient is diagnosed with a different disease but the one suffering from. Lastly, communicating, documenting and reporting patients conditions are essential for all nurses if at all the patient has to receive proper care (Yoder-Wise, 2014, p. 23). The paper will give a comprehensive analysis on all of these about the case study. Analysis of the Case Study The case study is a six-month-old infant who is suffering from bowel obstruction and taken to the emergency department, but the nurses that assess the child fails to recognize the condition but instead mistakenly confuse it with gastroenteritis. It is the medical staff that realizes the condition but their attempt to save the child fails as he passes on before the next treatment. Thus, due to the conduct of the two nurses, complain is launched against the two nurses and are found guilty of behaving in an unprofessional way. Law and malpractices about the case study In legal practice and health care, there are certain aspects that one considers before a person is convicted or pronounced to be liable to the charges brought against him or her. For nurses, for instance, a person must establish that there was a patient-nurse relationship. It is important to ascribe a duty of care for the nurse or nurses involved (Carroll, Parikh, Buddenbaum, 2012, p.140). This can be done by looking at the medical records that stipulates that such a relationship existed. Secondly, there must be an elaborate way of determining the scope of duty that the nurse was supposed to offer. In addition to that, it is important that a complaint establish that there was an omission or absence of good and acceptable care that any competent and experienced nurse would have offered (Fairman et al., 2011, p. 194). Lastly, there must be an establishment of a causal of the relationship between what the nurse and nurses did that resulted in injury or what they omitted to do that coul d not have led to an injury. In the case study, there are various aspects that one can draw that are not professional in any sense that can be used as evidence to establish the malpractices that the two nurses engage in. Firstly, the two nurses do not document their assessment. In nursing, documentation of patient assessment is important and mandatory (Westrick, 2013, p.62). The act of not documenting their assessment is unprofessional and not acceptable (Potts, Mandleco, 2012, p.12). Secondly, the two nurses fail to communicate or report earlier enough to the medical staff even though it is an emergency case. This is another issue that the nurse violates in regards to professionalism (Mason, Laurie, Smith, 2013, p. 102). It is not recommended for nurses to report late for cases they are unable to handle, or that calls for an emergency intervention. Lastly, the two nurses make a misdiagnosis for the infant patient. Specifically, instead of diagnosing the patient for bowel obstruction, they make a wrong diagnos is of gastroenteritis, which encourages delay of recovery and perhaps more harm to the patient body than good. In effect, the patient is not well taken care of by the two nurses. On the other hand, the manner in which the nurses conduct themselves can well be demonstrated by looking at the specific ethical and code of competency or conduct that they break as this is what makes them liable for punishment. Code of ethics In Australia, the Board of Nurses has laid out specific ethical codes that nurses ought to follow in his or her provision of services. However, the two nurses in their assessment to the patient fail to honor one of ethical code. In particular, statement 6 of the code of ethics for nurses states that nurses value aculture of safety in nursing and healthcare (Ferrara et al., 2013, p. 4). This suggests that nurses must engage in an undertaking that encourages sharing of knowledge and understanding as a crucial pertinent aspect of safety in contemporary health care. Thus, the nurse ought to value safe working environment by working within the limits of his or her knowledge or skills. However, from the case study, the two nurses do not honor this but instead practice and offer services that are not safe to the patient. Precisely, it appears that the two nurses are not aware of what is ailing the patient. However, they go ahead to diagnose the patient who turns out to be a misdiagnosis. This keeps the patient health at risk and may have been one of the reasons why it becomes difficult to save the patient. Code of professional conduct In addition to the ethical code, the Australian Board for nurses has a professional code of conduct as other requirements for practicing nurses. In this category, the two nurses violate statement 11 which states that it is the responsibility of all the nurses to maintain the required competency by participating in professional development education programs (Furrow et al., 2014, p.15). In the case study, it appears that the nurses have not been participating in this program to boost their competency. Such mistake like not documenting or reporting an emergency case is not something that is expected of not only one, but two nurses. Thus, the nurses do not conform to this code of conduct which attracts disciplinary actions for it puts the patient at risk. National Competency standards for registered nurses Lastly, as far as professional standards for nurses are concerned, there are competency standards for all nurses. In the case study, the two nurses also violate some of them in their professional handling of the patient. Firstly, competency standard 1.3 embraces the notion that nurses ought to recognize and respond appropriately to unsafe or unprofessional practice (Iglehart, 2013, p. 12). In their ruling, the committee in charge of investigating the conduct of the two nurses concludes that the two failed to manage or communicate with the pediatrician for any changes and responses to the patient condition or even maintain clinical records of the patients observation. It is not in line with this standard, and thus, the two are liable to punishment. Secondly, another competency standards that the two nurses fail to honor is 2.2 which stipulates that nurses are obliged to integrate organizational policies and guidelines with professional standards (Jalian, Jalian, Avram, 2013, p.12). Although the two nurses are in the department of emergency, they are unable to differentiate and properly diagnosis bowel blockage but instead confuses it with gastroenteritis. This is not what the hospital expects of the two nurses as per their guidelines. The hospital tasks them with the responsibility they believe are capable of handling. Additionally, they ought to integratenursing health care knowledge, attitude, and skills to provide safe and effective nursing care. It is clear that the two did not seek intervention at the right time and if only they had done so, the medical staff was in a better position to help the patient. Lastly, competency standard 5.3 states that a nurse must analyze, interpret assessment and data accurately (Kukreja, Dodwad, Kukreja, 2013, p.19). It is evident that the two nurses responded to the emergency case and the changes in the patient in contrast to what a competent nurse would, in analyzing and assessing the conditions of the patient, leading to wrong judgment. Legal Provision that the two nurses Bleaches In Australia, the National law provides for disciplinary actions for nurses who violate section 139B. In its readings, it stipulates that nurses ought to be punished for portraying unsatisfactory professional conduct (Kapp, 2012, p.17). According to the section, the conduct is unsatisfactory if it is below the reasonable standard. This is one that demonstrates that the knowledge, care exercised, or skill is below the bar that the professional body expects of a healthcare practitioner of an equivalent level of training. In the case study, the two nurses do some things that are indeed below the standard of practice. Firstly, they fail to make the patients clinical records of the observations (Wachter, 2012, p.78). Secondly, they do not communicate in time to medical staff although it is an emergency case. Lastly, they misdiagnose the patient. This is below the standards expected of the two nurses. Communication, response, and call for help Research indicates that there is a lot of concern about ineffective communication between nurses and doctors. Some reasons have been attributed to this poor communication. To start with the first one, junior nurses and those with minimal experience may feel uncomfortable to call for assistance because of fear of doing the wrong thing or be seen as incompetent (Raingruber, 2016, p. 71). Additionally, another study reveals that nurses may not be in the best position to articulate the concerns as well as it should be or as urgent as it should (Dearmon, and NEA, 2013, p. 14). Lastly, they may not be confident enough to cross hierarchical or occupational boundaries, and this affects the patient from receiving the best medical care. The case study is in a rural area, and similar cases have been reported where nurses who are not competent enough work in the various important department. This happens due to the shortage of medics, and it is a problem affecting many parts of rural areas in Au stralia. However, the nurses have violated various legal provisions and professional code of conducts or standards of practice, and they must account for as per the rules and judgment of the body in charge (Schwartz, 2013, p.17). Additionally, there is a separate case that the nurse is charged with that also demonstrates incompetency and unwelcoming behavior which further demonstrate that the incident is not an accident but a repetitive behavior that is likely to persist if something is done. Conclusion Thus, the case study provides various ways in which legal and professional conduct of nurses in taking care of a patient can be bleached. Specifically, the two nurses conduct themselves in a manner that is in violation of the national laws and of what is expected by their professional standards. In addition to that, there are various ways to establish the charges of whoever appears to have engaged in malpractice. In the case study, four of the most basics elements that one has to consider have been highlighted, which include establishing whether the nurse has a duty, omission of behavior that made an impact or injury to the patient and scope of duty among others. It is worth noting that one can learn from the case study that failing to make clinical records of patients observation is in violation of professional standards and this makes the charges against nurses valid. In addition to that, cases of misdiagnosis can come from nurses not reporting to medical staff as soon as possible who are in a better position in terms of skills, knowledge, and experience to handle patients. Although rural hospital faces challenges in treating patients, the misconduct of the nurses needs to be taken care of to avoid recurrence. References Buka, P., 2014. Patients' Rights, Law and Ethics for Nurses. CRC Press. Carroll, A.E., Parikh, P.D. and Buddenbaum, J.L., 2012. The impact of defense expenses in medical malpractice claims. The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 40(1), pp.135-142. Dearmon, V. and NEA, B., 2013. Risk management and legal issues. Management and Leadership for Nurse Administrators. 6th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2013557586. Douglas, M.K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D.F., Callister, L.C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., Milstead, J., Nardi, D. and Purnell, L., 2014. Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25(2), pp.109-121. Fairman, J.A., Rowe, J.W., Hassmiller, S. and Shalala, D.E., 2011. Broadening the scope of nursing practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3), pp.193-196. Ferrara, S.D., Baccino, E., Bajanowski, T., Boscolo-Berto, R., Castellano, M., De Angel, R., Pauliukevi?ius, A., Ricci, P., Vanezis, P., Vieira, D.N. and Viel, G., 2013. Malpractice and medical liability. Fisher, C.B., 2016. Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Sage Publications. Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T. and Schwartz, R., 2014. Health law. West Academic. Iglehart, J.K., 2013. Expanding the role of advanced nurse practitionersrisks and rewards. Jalian, H.R., Jalian, C.A. and Avram, M.M., 2013. Common causes of injury and legal action in laser surgery. JAMA dermatology, 149(2), pp.188-193. Kapp, M.B., 2012. Nursing home culture change: Legal apprehensions and opportunities. The Gerontologist, 53(5), pp.718-726. Kukreja, B.J., Dodwad, V. and Kukreja, P., 2013. The law and medical negligencean overview. International Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 3(1), pp.11-19. Mason, K., Laurie, G. and Smith, A.M., 2013. Mason and McCall Smith's law and medical ethics. Oxford University Press. Potts, N.L. and Mandleco, B.L., 2012. Pediatric nursing: Caring for children and their families. Cengage Learning. Raingruber, B., 2016. Contemporary health promotion in nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Schwartz, J.C., 2013. A dose of reality for medical malpractice reform. Wachter, R., 2012. Understanding patient safety. McGraw Hill Professional. Westrick, S.J., 2013. Essentials of nursing law and ethics. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Yoder-Wise, P.S., 2014. Leading and Managing in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Alpha And Omega Of Active Compasion Essays - Free Essays

Alpha And Omega Of Active Compasion Essays - Free Essays Alpha And Omega Of Active Compasion Alpha and Omega of Active Compassion Have you ever walked down a crowded city street and looked down to see a homeless man stretching out his soiled hand in hopes of a measly dollar? As human beings, are we obligated to give this man our earning? And just how much do we give him? A dollar? Our VISA card? We have a general responsibility, as residents of civilization, to our fellow man, as long as it doesnt interfere with our own personal progress. The ideals of welfare, charity, and the generous foreign policies are all prime examples of our aid to others, but the world is still uncertain on, how much do we give?. The idea of welfare was founded in the United States around the time of the great depression. It was meant to temporarily help the financially less fortunate. This was intended to get the ball rolling for the economy. The government would play Robin Hood by taking from those who had money, and giving it to help those who didnt. In time, they would put their feet back on the ground and would no longer need the relief of their government. This was a very kind and productive way to help our fellow man in his time of need. Unfortunately somewhere along the line the idea of helping the broke modified, and we were simply giving them money when they had no intention on recovering from the debts of poverty. And so we continued to show everyone else how to get money for free. This is an excellent example on how we exceeded our obligation to others. Instead of a few dollars of generosity to uphold others, we give up to half of our earnings to support those who choose not to help themselves. By doing this, we have slowed our individual progress in society. Charity is another form of helping the less fortunate persons on earth. That, unlike welfare, is to be executed at our own discretion. There is no forcing hand in charity, although sometimes we still do not know were to our responsibly begins and ends. Some individuals feel they have no responsibility toward others, and some feel they have no boundaries to their giving. How much should we give? Is it sufficient to toss a quarter or two into a cup of a broken man on the boardwalks of Atlantic City? Or should we take the man under our wings, feed, clothe and house him? The idea seems silly, but it helps us draw the line to where our responsibility to our fellow man begins and ends. The loss of pocket change wound not interfere with our lives, but the taking in of a strange man would certainly slow the progress of our success. That is where we stop giving. The stunning of development of one potentially fortuitous human being isnt worth the slight elevation of an already broken man. That would simply slow the growth of civilization. The foreign policies of the United States, in particular, are more than generous. Week after week, taxes are taken out of paycheck by the government. This money in turn does not always flow back to our masses, but the masses of other nations. It is understood that the poverty levels of the less flourishing countries are extreme. We know they are starving, freezing, and dying. So our government sends the taxes collected to those countries in need. That would be acceptable if we ourselves didnt have citizens starving, freezing, and dying. That is just one more example of how we have anchored our progress as a nation to help others, when we ourselves need the food, cloths and homes. We all have a responsibility to our fellow man. Otherwise, civilization would not exist. But we must all know we cannot help others until we achieve perfection within ourselves. We cannot give more than we can afford to give. We cannot stop our progression to aid others, so that, in turn, we are so disadvantaged that we need help ourselves. Compassion is the key to humanity, but survival is still the key to life. Bibliography none.

Being Digital essays

Being Digital essays The best way to appreciete the metris and consequences of being digital is to reflect on the diffrence between bits and atoms (p:11)says Negroponte. A bit is the smallest part of the information and composed of 0 and 1. To digitize any information it needs to be writen in 1 and 0. Being digital means you can deliver a signal without any sound of hiss or television snow. So those kinds of errors are eleminated by being digital. If all media is digitalized then all bits will be mixed such as multimedia. And also a new kind of bit will be born which will inform us about other bits. Thre is a consept like bandwidth which means the capacity to move down the information in a given channel. The copper, the fiber and the wave are the most important medium to transmit the information. The copper has a low bandwidth when we compare with fiber. The capacity of fiber is infinite. The wave (ether), is assumed as infinite however we all know that with cordless telephones many problems occures. The adventage of the fiber is; it is easy to make the maintenance and such reasons.The only adventage of the copper is seen while delivering power. For example telephone companies are proud of not to be cut the telephone lines while an electric power is lost. If its been of fiber, than an extra generator must be used to make the connection. And this would mean they need special maintenance and attention. There are many saying like, we should use high bandwidth because we got it. However this is not realistic. There are natural lows of bandwidth. The more new ideas and creativity, meant the more awailable entertainment. To transmit information, as it is mentioned bits are importent. Bits are like the shortcuts in order to make th information meaningful. For example, a few digits call up the whole story. Some bits are more importtant than others. And also bits are not only more important but also have a diffrent val...

OBSERVE PAPEER OF OBESITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OBSERVE PAPEER OF OBESITY - Essay Example Observing these factors during my obesity study, I observed that even the eating habits, food choices, dressing and physical wellbeing is important nowadays when choosing friends. I have observed that obese people generally have obese friends and feel more comfortable with them. It was also observed that their sitting, eating and body movements are also similar. For the matter of fact, I bind obese people as a distinct group having similar habits, behaviors and characteristics. To understand the behavioral characteristics and needs of this group, I decided to conduct an observational study which was not longer but interesting and informative. In order to understand the factors for the observation purpose, I visited KFC being one of the largest fast food chains. During my 6 hours stay at KFC, I observed that around 65% of people (including males and females both) visiting KFC were either obese or overweight. Obese people with children were more likely to carry obese children. This may be due to genetically transferred obesity or due to the transference of the same eating habits from parents to the children. Obese children, during the study, were observed to opt for cold drinks and French fries usually. They were found to have candies, chocolates or some sort of dessert when they entered. This showed their inclination towards sugary food which may be linked to heir obesity. It was also observed that obese people mostly checked in with people of similar body structure. They felt more comfortable with their company and showed greater satisfaction during their stay as compared to those with slimmer companions. The observable difference between them lied in the meal they ordered, the way they ate and the pace of their eating. Obese people with similar companions showed more informal manner of sitting and eating. They took lesser time on ordering meals and chose different drinks and meals as per

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK - Essay Example Various British designers are accredited with the reputation and image par excellence and would create opportunities for augmenting the possibilities of being inducted in reputed professional companies overseas or abroad (Andriopoulos, C., & Dawson, P. 2009). There is a leading company in United Kingdom that is privately owned and involved in clothing as its primary business. The company is also designing and an expert in retailing its brands of label range wears of various segments regardless of age. Mr. David Reiss the owner of the company Reiss took over from his father and created an opportunity of narrowing the gap in mass market clothes of high street as well as designer wears. It is pertinent to note that narrowing down the gap translates into provision of good quality as well as stylish clothes for prices that are amazingly affordable. The strategy following the aftermath of success creates vistas for opening up expansion in Dublin the capital of Ireland. The strategy can be created by launching wide ranges of women’s wear and globalize the business along with Dublin. Even though the efforts are on for making penetration into various countries the headway has been successful in claiming establishment of 27 outlets of retai l as well as concessions numbering to three in the United Kingdom until now. Mr. Reiss continues to be endowed with the capacity of a guiding influence with strength that is all pervasive in the company. The company Reiss is capable of creating a good brand value and an entry by creating an opportunity to internationalize the company in a manner that would be conducive for strategizing the brands and the segments. There has been successful expansion into the fields of new segments of wears including opportunities for children’s wears. This strategy should be further improved to create wide ranges of brands for encompassing a new

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay The North/ South divide and gender inequality are intertwined and influence the lives of women in the northern hemisphere significantly different than that from women who are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere. This paper will discuss the role of globalization as a multidimensional process and how it affects the life of women in terms of economic, social, and cultural development. Globalization has led to violations of womens civil rights because of the decline of the welfare state, the increased poverty among women, the role religion plays in fundamentalist societies and in armed conflict. However, it has also caused tremendous opportunities for women to better their lives and hereby setting standards to demand equal women rights. Considering the percentage of women in the world population it is important to study the role of gender equality. Women as laborers and their contribution to their communities and national economies have a significant impact on globalization. In additi on, the emphasis on social justice and democracy as a preferred political ideology to stimulate globalization makes gender issues an important factor. Gender inequality is caused by our social institutions and organizations who suppress womens social and economic rights, often unknowingly, by placing insufficient importance on gender as a factor in decision making. Some say that inequality and economic growth are coexisting phenomena but it is no argument to allow exploitation and marginalization of selected groups. Neo-liberalist thinking promotes globalization but it also creates opportunity for avoidance of social responsibility by governments and multinational corporations. Gender inequality can most effectively be influenced by changing the political agenda. A countrys national governance on legislative, judicial and executive policies will stimulate a dialogue that leads to change. Globalization: North vs. South The term globalization has no accepted definition and therefore the interpretation depending on who uses the term, can vary from a pure economic perspective to a more liberal definition in terms of civil development. Adam Smith described in his book the Wealth of Nations, how economical growth leads to change in social behavior and eventually change in public policy. Globalization by these means is a process whereby a society acquires economic growth and sustainable human development through processes of democratization. However, these processes traditionally do not include gender in negotiation and representation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology, institutions that promoted global economies and also the spread of capitalism appeared. The divide between East and West became a divide between North and South now based on economic perspectives instead of political doctrines. Globalization is than characterized by free trade and the virtual removal of borders in order to promote exchange of goods, services and capital between nations. The countries in the northern hemisphere have experienced at least one industrial revolution and therefore have the advantage of being able to produce higher quality goods and using more advanced technology in their production methods. Countries in the Southern hemisphere are predominantly agrarian, so for the most part feudal societies instead of industrialized ones. This observable fact, lack of industrialization, is directly linked to the disadvantages that many developing countries experience, to compete with the countries of the developed world. As a result their participation in the globalization process is limited to being suppliers of raw materials. The Northerners, or developed countries, use these materials to produce high-end products for the world market including to countries who are the very same raw material supplier. The obstacle for developing countries to compete equally is often caused by the backwardness of their economic development based on their history of colonialism. Imperialism and colonialism theorized Imperialism and colonialism are factors one should consider when analyzing a countries successful participation in the global economy. Not only did these phenomena affected the colonialized countries economies by stripping their resources. Its population experienced a so called identity crisis, because they were not used to their independent status nor had they the understanding of political functions and their relationships. The inequality between developed states and developing states is discussed in the politics of modernization by Max Weber. There are three theories that are influencing developing countries. The first one, the Dependency Theory is a marxist inspired theory that entails concepts such as Core or Metropolis, (developed states) Periphery or Satellite ( developing states) and semi periphery( industrialized states that are still considered developing countries). There is a dependency between the Core and Periphery because of their interaction with each other. The core provides technology and expertise and the periphery provides the raw materials. The raw materials are offered very cheap, but in return the high end products are sold for a high price, which results in poorer countries facing a constant deficit between their export and import income. The theory assumes that core and periphery need each other to exist, but based on this interdependence some scholars of Stanfords Universities Hoover Institutions Office of Public Affairs, maintain that globalization is yet another type of imperialism. Marxist ideology as an inspiration for the Dependency Theory, claims that isolation policy provides the solution for getting rid of the unequal interdependence between rich and poor countries. Siegel et al claims that using methods such as import substitution strategy result in decline of export industry which is necessary for investment in technology to achieve advanced phases of industrialization. The theory is challenged by the lack of categorizing NICs, or new industrialized countries. An example of an NIC are oil producing countries, but calling them semi peripheral takes them out of the equation in which core and periphery are compared. To deal with crisis of nation building, state building, participation and distribution, (Almond and Powell 1966) comprehension of the Politics of Modernization is required. This pro-capitalist perspective assumes that modernization will develop similarly in the North and the South. The second theory as described by Burnell and Randall (p17), Gabriel Almonds Political Development Theory, uses a structural model for comparative analysis in which he incorporates input functions (i.e. political socialization, political recruitment, interest articulation and political communication) and output functions (i.e. rulemaking, rule implementation and rule adjudication) as a guiding principle for political development. In addition, a stable government is required to change traditional habits and principles. However, to the contrary, Burnell and Randall ( intro4) claim that developing countries, in their post- colonial phase show: authoritarian rule, political instability, internal conflict, corr uption and politics of religious or ethnic identity. The third theory of modernization, the Globalization Theory focuses on the development of communication, technology and infrastructure leading to global economic integration. According to Burnell and Randall, the Dependency- and Political Development Theory were more concerned with politics and the role of the state, which is completely opposite of the Globalization Theory which mainly focuses on development of global trade, foreign direct investment and global finance. One direct result of this focus is that the nation state loses its autonomy and eliminates one of the most primary functions, security. Protecting of ones borders, economy and inhabitants is a function that is important for very poor countries as their existence is depending on it. The controversy about the modernization theories is that they are based on ethnocentric political perspective. They are promoting an elite group of the haves and/or a capitalist class. The notion that globalization can bring everyone involved up to middle class system is ineligible. The free market system does not work for all developing countries because of the backwardness of their economy ( Burnell Randall, p3). As it took developed countries centuries to get where they are, the developing countries have to go to many stages of development to be able to compete. However, developing countries can not all be categorized in one group and to assume that all countries develop by the same principle is narrow sighted. Although, they do have a history of colonialism in common, their post -colonial development is depending on different factors. The Anglo- Saxon settler countries, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada took over the traditions, rules of law and property and indiv idual rights of the motherland, the United Kingdom. As they kept close ties with their previous occupiers by conducting trade and foreign investments, the transition to a developed nation was flawless. In other colonies, we see political fragmentation caused by religious and ethnic division in the countries. The economic effects of imperialism and colonialism are undeniable. The legacy is still noticeable in current world political dynamics and plays a significant role in developing countries ability to develop successful economies and achieve the same standards in civil development and human equality. GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY Globalization decreases inequality! This is a common assumption for most people, but few know how inequality and economic growth are linked. For the purpose of this paper, we have to look at several forms of inequality as gender inequality is coupled with economic, social, and political inequality. Looking at economic growth in most countries, one can conclude that globalization is good for everyone as most people, even the very poor achieve prosperity. Lall et al., discusses the correlation of this viewpoint with Kuznetss hypothesis in which income inequality rises at the beginning of the industrialization process but once established it decreases again. They observed that increased technology, financial and trade globalization increased inequality, while liberalization of trade and financial markets lowered income inequality. The other outlook claims that prosperity is not shared by the whole population and that only a small group benefits from economic growth. As a matter of fact, the alleged income inequality does not advance globalization processes as the so called losers may become a burden on the welfare state. Concurrently, the machinery of globalization is obstructed and not all opportunities are exhausted. For example, proceeds are not invested in the industry but in distribution of income. Social inequality refers to differences in class and status. A good example is the cast system in India, based on religion but also on heritage. The ranking of elite groups based on descend is an inequality that is not a result of globalization. However, the status inherited came with special treatment such as education opportunity and predisposition to economic and other business dealings. In the United States, equality of men, particularly the black man has been legitimized just a few decades ago. Women, especially, the ones that live in fundamentalist religious societies are denied basic social rights and are clearly victims of social inequality. In many develop ing countries political inequality becomes evident in traditional expressions of tribal culture, the client-patron relationships, nepotism and the lack of established laws for civil and constitutional rights. GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality is a current world problem and is found in developed and developing countries. The Worldbank claims that in any region, any state and any social class inequality between men and women exists. A few exceptions to this rule are the Scandinavian countries. The strong democratic political structures of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland and strong women organizations are believed to be the reason for this transformation in policy making. Gender Equality defined as the difference between men and women and equality in their rights perceived fair based on their biological differences. Traditionally, gender differences and roles between men and women is based on the fact that women are the bearers and caregivers of children. Men are physically stronger and therefore, the breadwinners. Each culture has their own interpretations of these gender specific roles, but with globalization socio-economic trends change as well. Inequality, weather economic, social or political have been researched and play a significant role in economic development, but also in human civil development. Gender inequality is linked to appropriate functioning of our social institutions and organizations. Suppression of womens social and economic rights often happens unknowingly because there is insufficient importance placed on gender as a factor in decision making. However, I see patriarchy as the determining factor leading to inequality in womens life. MEASURING GENDER INEQUALITY The United Nations Human Development Report measures inequality between men and women in countries. This method, GEM or Gender Empowerment Measurement, considers political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and the access to economical resources. Than a calculation of each genders percentile in three areas is studied. The first measurement looks at the percentage of each gender in parliament. The second measurement focuses on the level of the position held, whether it is executive or managerial or staff. The last measurement, researches the disparity in income. Both percentage data for female and male are paired for each measurement and combined in the EDEP, (Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage). The GEM is than calculated by averaging the EDEPs . Gender equality by regiongender_equality_index.jpg WOMENS ROLE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS For the longest time women have not participated in the political process because of several reasons. First of all, women suffrage has not been an option in every country and was not established until the late 19th century. Most women in developing countries could not vote until the mid 50s. Governing has always been a mans job and until the networks to promote womens voices and their right to be heard were build, participating in the political process was impossible. Another obstacle is illiteracy; about two thirds of the worlds illiterates are women. Rao and Kelleher studied institutions and organizations that are involved in supporting women. They conclude that organizational structure and culture is the problem to the stagnating trend to policy change. The womens conference in Beijing in 1995 proved that women are mobilizing and that womens political activism and NGOs are increasing. The stigma that feminism creates has sometimes worked adversely for grass roots women movements a nd the resistance of a male driven government. Sikoska and Kardam infer in their study that engendering the political agenda is a slow process and requires gender advocacy on a government level. They believe that the focus on getting more women in parliamentarian seats does not warrant that women issues will be addressed. As strange as it might seem gender inequality also exists because of the lack of equality consciousness by both men and women. gender_education1.jpg INCOME AND LABOR Women earn less than men and this phenomenon arises in both developing and developed countries. This inequality has been accepted up to the 20th century as normal. Yet, the difference in pay of man and women is a form of exploitation as the employer can make additional profit based on the income inequality. Swasti Mitters claims regarding the working circumstances in the technology manufacturing industry in India , confirms my idea that in globalization the primary concern is profit. She says that in order to mobilize the employees to demand unions and healthy work environments their needs to be an opportunity for change, but as employees in this industry are so easily replaced it is hard to get support. In most developing countries women do not get paid for work on the land or any other domestic duties. They are required to take care of the children, the animals and very often they function as the head of the family. The patrimonial system, with men as the head of the families preve nt women to own land and therefore, government support for women in the agrarian sector is not available. HEALTH ISSUES Education is a first requirement for women to stimulate their personal and economic growth. Women who are educated are better in monitoring their families health (mothers make sure children get their vaccines) and providing proper nutrition. Burnell and Randall point out that the pronatalist view of developing states increases inequality as women do not have the ability to make choices over their bodies in terms of contraception and abortion. Many women die in labor and because of the restrictions on emergency contraception, local abortion practices lead to serious health issues and sometimes in death. One of the direct results of the government imposed restrictions is overpopulation, which leads to higher poverty and famine. Case studies. Engendering globalization in India India , a member of the BRIC countries because of its tremendous economic growth in the past decades is considered an example of successful globalization. The country has the largest population of one billion inhabitants, in the world. It also has one of the highest poverty levels of approximately 350- million people that are living below the poverty line. The overpopulation and illiteracy is one of the main reasons this country is so poverty stricken, with women and children as the main victims. Although the country has experienced an tremendous economic growth, the selectiveness of the industries involved in this development are not providing revenues for all areas. The middle class has experienced exponential increases in growth and wealth, but this has lead to deeper inequality. With other words, some parts are developing rapidly because of the new economic development (the urban areas) and there is the rural part that does not experience any of the growth. Actually, people in th e rural areas are getting poorer because of the commercialization of agriculture. The New Economic Policy of 1991 instigated by the IMF and the World Bank urged for human development but the policy has not been effective and at some cases it worsened inequality. Rekha Pande argues structural adjustment in particular is not gender neutral and that developmental policies affects both men and women. However, she points out that women carry the double burden of poverty and discrimination. She states that women are underpaid compared to men; they are not credit worthy to achieve loans and do not have the same access to resources as men and that these factors lead to further inequality. Women in general are not considered land owners even if statistics show that agriculture employs 85 % of all working women. The commercialization of agriculture caused many women to lose their source of income, as they could not compete with the bigger farms and landowners now hired cash workers instead of leasing their land to the landless women. CQ Researcher describes how the subsistence economy, where most of these women lived off to feed their families and make some income, providing they could sell their surplus, was now taken away and poverty deepened. Relocation to the urban areas is often the only option available for these female farmers. These displaced farmers become hired workers and are being exploited for very low wages, long working hours and no security or social benefits. Globalization does not provide the kind of richness people from the impoverished layer of the population expect. On the contrary, for many, globalization causes insecurity and inequality. Pande claims that women lose their identity and independence by giving up agriculture for a life of marginalization and pauperization. Case study: Afghanistan Afghanistan a country in South Central Asia, has a population of 28 million inhabitants consisting out of the Pashtuns, 44 % and Tajiks 25%. The remainder is divided over minorities groups. 60 % of the population is female, which is assumed happened because of the war casualties. The poverty rate is very high, in some areas over 90 %. The occupation by the Soviet Union and decades of civil war with the Mujahideen and the Taliban created an environment of economic and political chaos. They lack all essential resources, to stabilize their government but according to Huma Ahmed-Gosh this is the best period to establish a new economic polity because the country is in transf0rmation. The country had an economic growth of over 10% between 2003 and 2008 and the Afghans believe this growth can be achieved again in the very near future (World Bank 2008). USAID and the Afghan government are working together to establish economic programs that diminish poverty, provides security and stimulate t he private sector to do investments and create job opportunities. The agrarian industry is the main source of income for most Afghans. In cooperation with the World Bank a $30 million grant was approved for the Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program to assist farmers in the rural areas. An additional $23 million was pledged by the UK. This pilot program targets 20 different communities and is headed by one male and one female. Savings Groups were set up to be educated in finances and provide small loans to members of the communities. Enterprise Groups were established to create community based activities and projects. For the purpose of integration of women in the economical process, this pilot can already be considered successful as after 4 months over 300 groups were established from which half of them by women. Humah-Ahmed Gosh interviewed three Afghani women in Turin at an International Conference for women about the role of their respective womens organizations and th eir criteria for establishing equal women rights. RAWA, which stands for Revolutionary Association of the Woman in Afghanistan focuses on social justice and human rights for women. HAWCA or Humanitarian Assistance for Women and Children in Afghanistan agenda is to better the lives of women and children through empowerment and support womens involvement in rebuilding Afghanistan through education. The third organization, The All Afghan Womens Union, is headed by Soraya Parlika. She claims that teaching women skills and creating jobs is the best way to change family law and give women autonomy to eventually work to estebling a democratie. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are the most productive and effective means to change the political climate in Afghanistan. Globalization can change the patrilineal family structure by eliminating womens economic dependency. Conclusion Globalization and gender inequality are closely intertwined with each other. My studies of the subjects taught me that a thriving globalization process is dependent on many factors and there is significant variations in how each individual country s development is affected by these factors. First of all, the divide between North and South or rich and poor if you will, has an intricate influence on the ability of nations to fully exhaust the opportunities of globalization. That the Northerners had an advantage in the globalization race because of their role in imperialism is a fact. These nations already had gone through various stages of industrialization and achieved a higher level of civilization, resulting in higher educated employees and advanced industrialization technologies. In addition, their wealth opened opportunities for fast capital investments with tremendous gain. Most of the worlds multinational corporations were founded in the North, and that is where the profits are disbursed. The settler colonies are an exception to the rule as they were able to develop thriving economies in their post- colonial phase. Burnell and Randall analyze this phenomenon as being part of the dichotomy of the colonial elite which makes me think that Orientalism plays a significant role in the interaction between countries of the North and the South. . The role of patriarchy is rooted in society and is one of the main evils causing inequality for women. In the developed world women experience less gender inequality in the form of opportunity but more in the form of outcome. Secondly, as I mentioned processes of democratization are a vital requirement for a countrys economic growth and sustainable development. Democracy as an ideology, develops in different forms and previous colonies did not always develop into a democracy, mainly because of their pluralistic nature. However, globalization did develop in some countries with an authoritarian regime. This happened because of their resources. Good examples are the oil producing countries. In view of that, one can infer that the theories of modernization are incomplete. Some reasons are that they are eurocentric, anachronistic, uni-linear and the belief that politics in developing countries are made by domestic forces. The politics in developing countries are driven by the relationship between the state and society and depends on aspects such as finance, economy and technology. I think that countries, better said political leaders and heads of multinational corporations, are rational actors and that choices made are based on opportunities for personal gain and economic benefits. Women work hard in the development world and with globalization their numbers are increasing. Multinational corporations have transferred their manufacturing activities to developing countries because of their human capital. Globalization as a process should not have a negative effect on women in the developed world if it uses democratic processes and pursues rising the human standards of living. The controversy however, is that free trade and openness of the economic markets is not monitored by states. Transnational corporations have only one goal and that is making profits. In the developed countries regulations were in place to prevent exploitation of the factory workers through trade unions and labor laws. As most developing countries have not experienced an industrial revolution on their own, the process is expedited and some crucial steps of labor development are bypassed. Lack of education and poverty are the drivers for many women to sustain the treatment experienced in their work environments. Changing the politics and mentality is a slow process and NGOs promoting the welfare of women gain only small victories. The nation state should take control by using their sovereignty and demand changes when it comes to abuse of their inhabitants. The dominance of the richer states undermines this right, but it is apparent that countries like India and China are being listened to. Once a standard is set it can easily be globalized as a standard for all countries. I used India as an example in a case study because of my hypothesis. My choice was lead by factors such as the level of successfulness of this countries globalization, but also the adverse effect of globalization on the female population, resulting in gender inequality. Afghanistan on the other hand is an example, from which I believe that globalization can effect gender inequality positively. As shown by the humanitarian aid projects, whereby womens involvement is strong, interference by fundamentalist religion diminished. As discussed by Osborne and Gaebler, governments should steer not row. The conflict needs policies to resolve gender inequalities on a global scale as the diversity among people and the differences in cultures and tradition ask for different measures in each country. Therefore a global effort is needed by cooperation of the nation states. I researched India as an example because it fits my hypothesis that globalization can cause more inequality for women. With other dominance of the richer countries, their MNCs, foreign investmSecondlyents and transfer of resources has undermined the role of India as a nation state. ORIENTALISM AND RACIAL DOCTRINESj *Empowerment thru collective action instead of culture Women who are involved in subsistence economies and do not partake in the industrialization process. Globalization in Developing countricesk Globalization in fundamentalist societies Inequality as a tool Traditionally, men monopolize politics and Organisations The role of Democratie Engendering local and national politics References Hoover Institution: globalization versus imperialism Hoover Report February 11, 2002 Hoover Daily Report, produced by the Hoover Institution Office of Public Affairs Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall,and Chris Papageorgiou : Rising Income Inequality Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?