The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay The North/ South divide and gender inequality are intertwined and influence the lives of women in the northern hemisphere significantly different than that from women who are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere. This paper will discuss the role of globalization as a multidimensional process and how it affects the life of women in terms of economic, social, and cultural development. Globalization has led to violations of womens civil rights because of the decline of the welfare state, the increased poverty among women, the role religion plays in fundamentalist societies and in armed conflict. However, it has also caused tremendous opportunities for women to better their lives and hereby setting standards to demand equal women rights. Considering the percentage of women in the world population it is important to study the role of gender equality. Women as laborers and their contribution to their communities and national economies have a significant impact on globalization. In additi on, the emphasis on social justice and democracy as a preferred political ideology to stimulate globalization makes gender issues an important factor. Gender inequality is caused by our social institutions and organizations who suppress womens social and economic rights, often unknowingly, by placing insufficient importance on gender as a factor in decision making. Some say that inequality and economic growth are coexisting phenomena but it is no argument to allow exploitation and marginalization of selected groups. Neo-liberalist thinking promotes globalization but it also creates opportunity for avoidance of social responsibility by governments and multinational corporations. Gender inequality can most effectively be influenced by changing the political agenda. A countrys national governance on legislative, judicial and executive policies will stimulate a dialogue that leads to change. Globalization: North vs. South The term globalization has no accepted definition and therefore the interpretation depending on who uses the term, can vary from a pure economic perspective to a more liberal definition in terms of civil development. Adam Smith described in his book the Wealth of Nations, how economical growth leads to change in social behavior and eventually change in public policy. Globalization by these means is a process whereby a society acquires economic growth and sustainable human development through processes of democratization. However, these processes traditionally do not include gender in negotiation and representation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology, institutions that promoted global economies and also the spread of capitalism appeared. The divide between East and West became a divide between North and South now based on economic perspectives instead of political doctrines. Globalization is than characterized by free trade and the virtual removal of borders in order to promote exchange of goods, services and capital between nations. The countries in the northern hemisphere have experienced at least one industrial revolution and therefore have the advantage of being able to produce higher quality goods and using more advanced technology in their production methods. Countries in the Southern hemisphere are predominantly agrarian, so for the most part feudal societies instead of industrialized ones. This observable fact, lack of industrialization, is directly linked to the disadvantages that many developing countries experience, to compete with the countries of the developed world. As a result their participation in the globalization process is limited to being suppliers of raw materials. The Northerners, or developed countries, use these materials to produce high-end products for the world market including to countries who are the very same raw material supplier. The obstacle for developing countries to compete equally is often caused by the backwardness of their economic development based on their history of colonialism. Imperialism and colonialism theorized Imperialism and colonialism are factors one should consider when analyzing a countries successful participation in the global economy. Not only did these phenomena affected the colonialized countries economies by stripping their resources. Its population experienced a so called identity crisis, because they were not used to their independent status nor had they the understanding of political functions and their relationships. The inequality between developed states and developing states is discussed in the politics of modernization by Max Weber. There are three theories that are influencing developing countries. The first one, the Dependency Theory is a marxist inspired theory that entails concepts such as Core or Metropolis, (developed states) Periphery or Satellite ( developing states) and semi periphery( industrialized states that are still considered developing countries). There is a dependency between the Core and Periphery because of their interaction with each other. The core provides technology and expertise and the periphery provides the raw materials. The raw materials are offered very cheap, but in return the high end products are sold for a high price, which results in poorer countries facing a constant deficit between their export and import income. The theory assumes that core and periphery need each other to exist, but based on this interdependence some scholars of Stanfords Universities Hoover Institutions Office of Public Affairs, maintain that globalization is yet another type of imperialism. Marxist ideology as an inspiration for the Dependency Theory, claims that isolation policy provides the solution for getting rid of the unequal interdependence between rich and poor countries. Siegel et al claims that using methods such as import substitution strategy result in decline of export industry which is necessary for investment in technology to achieve advanced phases of industrialization. The theory is challenged by the lack of categorizing NICs, or new industrialized countries. An example of an NIC are oil producing countries, but calling them semi peripheral takes them out of the equation in which core and periphery are compared. To deal with crisis of nation building, state building, participation and distribution, (Almond and Powell 1966) comprehension of the Politics of Modernization is required. This pro-capitalist perspective assumes that modernization will develop similarly in the North and the South. The second theory as described by Burnell and Randall (p17), Gabriel Almonds Political Development Theory, uses a structural model for comparative analysis in which he incorporates input functions (i.e. political socialization, political recruitment, interest articulation and political communication) and output functions (i.e. rulemaking, rule implementation and rule adjudication) as a guiding principle for political development. In addition, a stable government is required to change traditional habits and principles. However, to the contrary, Burnell and Randall ( intro4) claim that developing countries, in their post- colonial phase show: authoritarian rule, political instability, internal conflict, corr uption and politics of religious or ethnic identity. The third theory of modernization, the Globalization Theory focuses on the development of communication, technology and infrastructure leading to global economic integration. According to Burnell and Randall, the Dependency- and Political Development Theory were more concerned with politics and the role of the state, which is completely opposite of the Globalization Theory which mainly focuses on development of global trade, foreign direct investment and global finance. One direct result of this focus is that the nation state loses its autonomy and eliminates one of the most primary functions, security. Protecting of ones borders, economy and inhabitants is a function that is important for very poor countries as their existence is depending on it. The controversy about the modernization theories is that they are based on ethnocentric political perspective. They are promoting an elite group of the haves and/or a capitalist class. The notion that globalization can bring everyone involved up to middle class system is ineligible. The free market system does not work for all developing countries because of the backwardness of their economy ( Burnell Randall, p3). As it took developed countries centuries to get where they are, the developing countries have to go to many stages of development to be able to compete. However, developing countries can not all be categorized in one group and to assume that all countries develop by the same principle is narrow sighted. Although, they do have a history of colonialism in common, their post -colonial development is depending on different factors. The Anglo- Saxon settler countries, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada took over the traditions, rules of law and property and indiv idual rights of the motherland, the United Kingdom. As they kept close ties with their previous occupiers by conducting trade and foreign investments, the transition to a developed nation was flawless. In other colonies, we see political fragmentation caused by religious and ethnic division in the countries. The economic effects of imperialism and colonialism are undeniable. The legacy is still noticeable in current world political dynamics and plays a significant role in developing countries ability to develop successful economies and achieve the same standards in civil development and human equality. GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY Globalization decreases inequality! This is a common assumption for most people, but few know how inequality and economic growth are linked. For the purpose of this paper, we have to look at several forms of inequality as gender inequality is coupled with economic, social, and political inequality. Looking at economic growth in most countries, one can conclude that globalization is good for everyone as most people, even the very poor achieve prosperity. Lall et al., discusses the correlation of this viewpoint with Kuznetss hypothesis in which income inequality rises at the beginning of the industrialization process but once established it decreases again. They observed that increased technology, financial and trade globalization increased inequality, while liberalization of trade and financial markets lowered income inequality. The other outlook claims that prosperity is not shared by the whole population and that only a small group benefits from economic growth. As a matter of fact, the alleged income inequality does not advance globalization processes as the so called losers may become a burden on the welfare state. Concurrently, the machinery of globalization is obstructed and not all opportunities are exhausted. For example, proceeds are not invested in the industry but in distribution of income. Social inequality refers to differences in class and status. A good example is the cast system in India, based on religion but also on heritage. The ranking of elite groups based on descend is an inequality that is not a result of globalization. However, the status inherited came with special treatment such as education opportunity and predisposition to economic and other business dealings. In the United States, equality of men, particularly the black man has been legitimized just a few decades ago. Women, especially, the ones that live in fundamentalist religious societies are denied basic social rights and are clearly victims of social inequality. In many develop ing countries political inequality becomes evident in traditional expressions of tribal culture, the client-patron relationships, nepotism and the lack of established laws for civil and constitutional rights. GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality is a current world problem and is found in developed and developing countries. The Worldbank claims that in any region, any state and any social class inequality between men and women exists. A few exceptions to this rule are the Scandinavian countries. The strong democratic political structures of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland and strong women organizations are believed to be the reason for this transformation in policy making. Gender Equality defined as the difference between men and women and equality in their rights perceived fair based on their biological differences. Traditionally, gender differences and roles between men and women is based on the fact that women are the bearers and caregivers of children. Men are physically stronger and therefore, the breadwinners. Each culture has their own interpretations of these gender specific roles, but with globalization socio-economic trends change as well. Inequality, weather economic, social or political have been researched and play a significant role in economic development, but also in human civil development. Gender inequality is linked to appropriate functioning of our social institutions and organizations. Suppression of womens social and economic rights often happens unknowingly because there is insufficient importance placed on gender as a factor in decision making. However, I see patriarchy as the determining factor leading to inequality in womens life. MEASURING GENDER INEQUALITY The United Nations Human Development Report measures inequality between men and women in countries. This method, GEM or Gender Empowerment Measurement, considers political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and the access to economical resources. Than a calculation of each genders percentile in three areas is studied. The first measurement looks at the percentage of each gender in parliament. The second measurement focuses on the level of the position held, whether it is executive or managerial or staff. The last measurement, researches the disparity in income. Both percentage data for female and male are paired for each measurement and combined in the EDEP, (Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage). The GEM is than calculated by averaging the EDEPs . Gender equality by regiongender_equality_index.jpg WOMENS ROLE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS For the longest time women have not participated in the political process because of several reasons. First of all, women suffrage has not been an option in every country and was not established until the late 19th century. Most women in developing countries could not vote until the mid 50s. Governing has always been a mans job and until the networks to promote womens voices and their right to be heard were build, participating in the political process was impossible. Another obstacle is illiteracy; about two thirds of the worlds illiterates are women. Rao and Kelleher studied institutions and organizations that are involved in supporting women. They conclude that organizational structure and culture is the problem to the stagnating trend to policy change. The womens conference in Beijing in 1995 proved that women are mobilizing and that womens political activism and NGOs are increasing. The stigma that feminism creates has sometimes worked adversely for grass roots women movements a nd the resistance of a male driven government. Sikoska and Kardam infer in their study that engendering the political agenda is a slow process and requires gender advocacy on a government level. They believe that the focus on getting more women in parliamentarian seats does not warrant that women issues will be addressed. As strange as it might seem gender inequality also exists because of the lack of equality consciousness by both men and women. gender_education1.jpg INCOME AND LABOR Women earn less than men and this phenomenon arises in both developing and developed countries. This inequality has been accepted up to the 20th century as normal. Yet, the difference in pay of man and women is a form of exploitation as the employer can make additional profit based on the income inequality. Swasti Mitters claims regarding the working circumstances in the technology manufacturing industry in India , confirms my idea that in globalization the primary concern is profit. She says that in order to mobilize the employees to demand unions and healthy work environments their needs to be an opportunity for change, but as employees in this industry are so easily replaced it is hard to get support. In most developing countries women do not get paid for work on the land or any other domestic duties. They are required to take care of the children, the animals and very often they function as the head of the family. The patrimonial system, with men as the head of the families preve nt women to own land and therefore, government support for women in the agrarian sector is not available. HEALTH ISSUES Education is a first requirement for women to stimulate their personal and economic growth. Women who are educated are better in monitoring their families health (mothers make sure children get their vaccines) and providing proper nutrition. Burnell and Randall point out that the pronatalist view of developing states increases inequality as women do not have the ability to make choices over their bodies in terms of contraception and abortion. Many women die in labor and because of the restrictions on emergency contraception, local abortion practices lead to serious health issues and sometimes in death. One of the direct results of the government imposed restrictions is overpopulation, which leads to higher poverty and famine. Case studies. Engendering globalization in India India , a member of the BRIC countries because of its tremendous economic growth in the past decades is considered an example of successful globalization. The country has the largest population of one billion inhabitants, in the world. It also has one of the highest poverty levels of approximately 350- million people that are living below the poverty line. The overpopulation and illiteracy is one of the main reasons this country is so poverty stricken, with women and children as the main victims. Although the country has experienced an tremendous economic growth, the selectiveness of the industries involved in this development are not providing revenues for all areas. The middle class has experienced exponential increases in growth and wealth, but this has lead to deeper inequality. With other words, some parts are developing rapidly because of the new economic development (the urban areas) and there is the rural part that does not experience any of the growth. Actually, people in th e rural areas are getting poorer because of the commercialization of agriculture. The New Economic Policy of 1991 instigated by the IMF and the World Bank urged for human development but the policy has not been effective and at some cases it worsened inequality. Rekha Pande argues structural adjustment in particular is not gender neutral and that developmental policies affects both men and women. However, she points out that women carry the double burden of poverty and discrimination. She states that women are underpaid compared to men; they are not credit worthy to achieve loans and do not have the same access to resources as men and that these factors lead to further inequality. Women in general are not considered land owners even if statistics show that agriculture employs 85 % of all working women. The commercialization of agriculture caused many women to lose their source of income, as they could not compete with the bigger farms and landowners now hired cash workers instead of leasing their land to the landless women. CQ Researcher describes how the subsistence economy, where most of these women lived off to feed their families and make some income, providing they could sell their surplus, was now taken away and poverty deepened. Relocation to the urban areas is often the only option available for these female farmers. These displaced farmers become hired workers and are being exploited for very low wages, long working hours and no security or social benefits. Globalization does not provide the kind of richness people from the impoverished layer of the population expect. On the contrary, for many, globalization causes insecurity and inequality. Pande claims that women lose their identity and independence by giving up agriculture for a life of marginalization and pauperization. Case study: Afghanistan Afghanistan a country in South Central Asia, has a population of 28 million inhabitants consisting out of the Pashtuns, 44 % and Tajiks 25%. The remainder is divided over minorities groups. 60 % of the population is female, which is assumed happened because of the war casualties. The poverty rate is very high, in some areas over 90 %. The occupation by the Soviet Union and decades of civil war with the Mujahideen and the Taliban created an environment of economic and political chaos. They lack all essential resources, to stabilize their government but according to Huma Ahmed-Gosh this is the best period to establish a new economic polity because the country is in transf0rmation. The country had an economic growth of over 10% between 2003 and 2008 and the Afghans believe this growth can be achieved again in the very near future (World Bank 2008). USAID and the Afghan government are working together to establish economic programs that diminish poverty, provides security and stimulate t he private sector to do investments and create job opportunities. The agrarian industry is the main source of income for most Afghans. In cooperation with the World Bank a $30 million grant was approved for the Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program to assist farmers in the rural areas. An additional $23 million was pledged by the UK. This pilot program targets 20 different communities and is headed by one male and one female. Savings Groups were set up to be educated in finances and provide small loans to members of the communities. Enterprise Groups were established to create community based activities and projects. For the purpose of integration of women in the economical process, this pilot can already be considered successful as after 4 months over 300 groups were established from which half of them by women. Humah-Ahmed Gosh interviewed three Afghani women in Turin at an International Conference for women about the role of their respective womens organizations and th eir criteria for establishing equal women rights. RAWA, which stands for Revolutionary Association of the Woman in Afghanistan focuses on social justice and human rights for women. HAWCA or Humanitarian Assistance for Women and Children in Afghanistan agenda is to better the lives of women and children through empowerment and support womens involvement in rebuilding Afghanistan through education. The third organization, The All Afghan Womens Union, is headed by Soraya Parlika. She claims that teaching women skills and creating jobs is the best way to change family law and give women autonomy to eventually work to estebling a democratie. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are the most productive and effective means to change the political climate in Afghanistan. Globalization can change the patrilineal family structure by eliminating womens economic dependency. Conclusion Globalization and gender inequality are closely intertwined with each other. My studies of the subjects taught me that a thriving globalization process is dependent on many factors and there is significant variations in how each individual country s development is affected by these factors. First of all, the divide between North and South or rich and poor if you will, has an intricate influence on the ability of nations to fully exhaust the opportunities of globalization. That the Northerners had an advantage in the globalization race because of their role in imperialism is a fact. These nations already had gone through various stages of industrialization and achieved a higher level of civilization, resulting in higher educated employees and advanced industrialization technologies. In addition, their wealth opened opportunities for fast capital investments with tremendous gain. Most of the worlds multinational corporations were founded in the North, and that is where the profits are disbursed. The settler colonies are an exception to the rule as they were able to develop thriving economies in their post- colonial phase. Burnell and Randall analyze this phenomenon as being part of the dichotomy of the colonial elite which makes me think that Orientalism plays a significant role in the interaction between countries of the North and the South. . The role of patriarchy is rooted in society and is one of the main evils causing inequality for women. In the developed world women experience less gender inequality in the form of opportunity but more in the form of outcome. Secondly, as I mentioned processes of democratization are a vital requirement for a countrys economic growth and sustainable development. Democracy as an ideology, develops in different forms and previous colonies did not always develop into a democracy, mainly because of their pluralistic nature. However, globalization did develop in some countries with an authoritarian regime. This happened because of their resources. Good examples are the oil producing countries. In view of that, one can infer that the theories of modernization are incomplete. Some reasons are that they are eurocentric, anachronistic, uni-linear and the belief that politics in developing countries are made by domestic forces. The politics in developing countries are driven by the relationship between the state and society and depends on aspects such as finance, economy and technology. I think that countries, better said political leaders and heads of multinational corporations, are rational actors and that choices made are based on opportunities for personal gain and economic benefits. Women work hard in the development world and with globalization their numbers are increasing. Multinational corporations have transferred their manufacturing activities to developing countries because of their human capital. Globalization as a process should not have a negative effect on women in the developed world if it uses democratic processes and pursues rising the human standards of living. The controversy however, is that free trade and openness of the economic markets is not monitored by states. Transnational corporations have only one goal and that is making profits. In the developed countries regulations were in place to prevent exploitation of the factory workers through trade unions and labor laws. As most developing countries have not experienced an industrial revolution on their own, the process is expedited and some crucial steps of labor development are bypassed. Lack of education and poverty are the drivers for many women to sustain the treatment experienced in their work environments. Changing the politics and mentality is a slow process and NGOs promoting the welfare of women gain only small victories. The nation state should take control by using their sovereignty and demand changes when it comes to abuse of their inhabitants. The dominance of the richer states undermines this right, but it is apparent that countries like India and China are being listened to. Once a standard is set it can easily be globalized as a standard for all countries. I used India as an example in a case study because of my hypothesis. My choice was lead by factors such as the level of successfulness of this countries globalization, but also the adverse effect of globalization on the female population, resulting in gender inequality. Afghanistan on the other hand is an example, from which I believe that globalization can effect gender inequality positively. As shown by the humanitarian aid projects, whereby womens involvement is strong, interference by fundamentalist religion diminished. As discussed by Osborne and Gaebler, governments should steer not row. The conflict needs policies to resolve gender inequalities on a global scale as the diversity among people and the differences in cultures and tradition ask for different measures in each country. Therefore a global effort is needed by cooperation of the nation states. I researched India as an example because it fits my hypothesis that globalization can cause more inequality for women. With other dominance of the richer countries, their MNCs, foreign investmSecondlyents and transfer of resources has undermined the role of India as a nation state. ORIENTALISM AND RACIAL DOCTRINESj *Empowerment thru collective action instead of culture Women who are involved in subsistence economies and do not partake in the industrialization process. Globalization in Developing countricesk Globalization in fundamentalist societies Inequality as a tool Traditionally, men monopolize politics and Organisations The role of Democratie Engendering local and national politics References Hoover Institution: globalization versus imperialism Hoover Report February 11, 2002 Hoover Daily Report, produced by the Hoover Institution Office of Public Affairs Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall,and Chris Papageorgiou : Rising Income Inequality Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?

Opening the Doors of Perception :: Music Musical Band Musicians Papers

Opening the Doors of Perception In August of 1965, Jim Morrison met his friend Ray on the beach in Los Angeles and sang him a few lines of a song he had just written. Ray played keyboard for a band at the time and had known Jim since they both went to UCLA, but he didnt know that Jim could write songs or sing. In a few weeks, Jim had taken the lead vocal position in Ray's band, Rick and the Ravens, and the group had produced a demo recording with Aura Records. In the next sixteen months, Jim, Ray, John Densmore (a drummer), and Robby Krieger (a guitarist) formed The Doors and by 1971, The Doors had written, produced, and released some of the most popular, memorable, rebellious and intelligent music of their time. When Jim began writing his own music, he never had written a song and he had never been a singer either. Jim was living on the rooftop of a building near Venice Beach and he wrote much of his material about the people, places and things he saw in L.A. One of his earliest songs, Soul Kitchen, was written about a small deli in Los Angeles; this song eventually became a popular concert piece and was recorded in a couple versions ranging from three-and-a-half to over seven minutes long. Soul Kitchen was released on The Doors first album (The Doors) in the beginning of 1967 and captured much of the darkness and mystery that the group soon became known for. In one passage, Morrison sings "Speaking secret alphabets; I light another cigarette; learn to forget; learn to forget" and also references the late night scene in Los Angeles he was so wrapped up in, "Stumblin in the neon groves". Personally, I like Soul Kitchen not only because of the lyrics and reference to an actual place, but also because of the rhythm. Ray Manzarek was and still is an excellent keyboardist. Soul Kitchen opens with a mesmerizing keyboard solo and Ray's ivory tones remain present throughout the entire song. Another of The Doors many songs that features the keyboard is When The Musics Over. This song was one of my favorites when I bought my first Doors cd (Strange Days) and I still like it quite a bit. When The Musics Over is a very complicated song to understand and I still dont think I understand it after hearing it countless times.

Organise Meetings

Operations manager to take over. All operations of the entire process. In Australia after comment on the proposal has been accepted, the debate will occur that their decisions about where to apply, how much it is emotional, and the result of the release of the flavor of the range states in the country. Australia has been mentioned in the notice must be returned to headquarters in Melbourne, if any, provided that they are not able to. Personal attendance. , Participants are required to bring research papers to be fully advised of their powerful evidence. Company: Ms Dona'sNotice: Date 31-07-2014 Notice is sent by the secretary of Shish (Facilitator) CEO of Ms Dona's Australia. Its purpose to inform 20 days prior to the meeting so that everyone can make a time in their schedule for the meeting. If someone is unable to attend the meeting he has inform the USAF (secretary) with personal call. Palace: Ms Dona's head office 3rd floor 190, Saddened Road Saddened Melbourne Australia Date: 12 -1 1-2014 Time: Bam to loam Us opposed Attendees: Facilitators – Shish(CEO) Marketing manager-M knish National consultant- Art Secretary – Dennis (Time keeper)Minute taker – USAF Objective: Talking about the new range of Ms Donald in Australia. Explain to all the success of this new menu. Agenda: Effective Launch of Ms Dona's new range menu in Australia. Minutes Timing Presenter Task 8 am to 8:05 am Shish (CEO) Welcome amenities in a meeting and ask any apology, she will explain the reason why the meeting. 8:05 to 0 USAF (Minute Taker) They are about the minutes of the meeting of the past and what they decide and what they have received after the decision they have taken in the previous meeting. 8:10 to 8:15Operations manager explained all menu items to the members of her team in the conference. 08:15 to 08:20 Marketing manager of exploration and presentation of all the evidence, all the strategies they used while launching a new menu. â€Å"Taste of America 08 :20 TTT:25 Art describe how they will ensure the quality of products in the store and also in the supply of raw materials. 09:25 to 09:45 Everybody Open discussion of all issues and offer solutions that will be perfect and CEO, will make the final decision. 09:45 to 09:55 CEO Western end marketing techniques in the treatment process. :55 to 10:00 Thank you all for coming and Shish holds a meeting with one month notices. Meeting 2 Brief: The Australian government has launched a new safety standards, known as the â€Å"drop down† it is a matter of technical security. So they can improve their crews towards this new safety standards and it can reduce the impact of any loss of physical ability. Happy regional Manager is responsible for calling this meeting and she will make sure that everyone can share information that they would provide information to workers, their manager.Shish and be ere that all the people working in the stores correctly. Aware of the new safety standard Den nis manager is responsible. In the absence of a store manger to follow every step to ensure accurate measurements. The security of the crew , the assistant manager and the health and safety of staff Art do is to check daily that all safety equipment is up to date and everyone in the store to know how to use them in need . Monish crew training will provide all the information to the crew about safety .Talk about how to provide information about health and safety standards hat have been issued by the Australian government called the Drop down due to an increase in incidences in Australia over the last couple of years. Agenda: Health and Safety in the stores Notice: Date 1-08-2013 Notice is sent by the Regional Manger Baby of Ms Dona's Australia. Its purpose to inform 14 days prior to the meeting so that everyone has to attend the meeting. If someone is unable to attend the meeting he has inform the Baby with personal call. Palace: Ms Dona's head office 3rd floor Date: Time: am to AMA happy -Regional manger Melody: Restaurant manger

The Achievement Of The National Honor Society - 893 Words

The National Honor Society is a nation’s premier organization that authorizes to recognize outstanding high school students. Yet, it contains of the four pillars which are scholarship, service, leadership, and leader. As to this, I believe that I fulfill each and every pillar that National Honor Society has founded. Scholarship is the dedication and commitment to education and learning. I believe that as a child growing up, education is the most extensive thing part of anyone’s life. Not only is it about doing well in your classes and making acceptable and superb grades, but learning about the history of how our nation has changed throughout the years and why certain things are the way it is today in our society. Education helps one achieve their goals in which they have dreamed of. With school, I have always been dedicated to maintaining a 6.5 GPA not only for colleges, but because my mother’s past of not being able to live the life she wanted to because of scho ol gives me a high sense of motivation to achieve and do better in school for a better future. I consider myself a great scholar because I strive for excellence every day and to do my absolute best with tests and papers that are assigned. Yet, each year I have fulfilled my academics with rigorous classes that I can handle to, help me reach the true potential of a student I am but as well as preparing myself once I graduate. As into maintaining the grades, I have put a lot of time and effort into school such asShow MoreRelatedAcademic Achievements : The American College Testing Exam1183 Words   |  5 Pages ACHIEVEMENTS Academic Achievements As a student, I strive hard to learn as much as I can and put my knowledge to good use. Since 1st Quarter of my 6th grade year, I have maintained a straight-A average. 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Property Type Focus For Public Equity Reits Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2280 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) allow all investors, as opposed to only the most affluent ones to invest in real estate. Apart from this, shares in REITs are more liquid than actual property. Finally, double taxation is avoided, because REITs are exempt from corporate taxes if they distribute 90% of their taxable income in form of dividends  [1]  (among other conditions). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Property Type Focus For Public Equity Reits Performance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The rapid expansion of equity REITs started in early 1990s and peaked in 2006 with about $400bn market capitalisation.  [2] Given the apparent popularity, it is increasingly important to better understand this asset class. The aim of this paper is to find whether there are any differences in performance across REITs with different property-type focus. If there are no differences, investors would be wasting resources by analysing each REIT type separately. However, if the reverse is true, excess returns could be earned by increasing the share of a particular type in the portfolio. It would also be interesting, because it would violate the efficient market hypothesis. This study contributes to the existing discussion by investigating whether differences between property types emerged (or got amplified) in the recent market collapse. There is a number or reasons why this could be the case. For example, decrease of home-ownership rate resulting from the mortgage-crisis could have in duced people to move to the rental sector. For residential REITs this would provide a cushion in form of an influx of extra demand for rented accommodation. As it can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, homeownership in the US fell below 67% in 2011 from almost 69% before the crisis. Rental vacancy rates increased during the crisis but this increase was not unprecedented. Possibly, if it was not for the ex-home-owners, the recent increase could have been more dramatic. Figure 2  [3] This effect is likely to be much lower for commercial real estate, as firms often prefer to rent rather than own their premises even in the favourable economic conditions, as this prevents tying up substantial amounts of capital  [4]  . As a result, when the crisis starts, they already were renters. As it can be seen from Figure 4, vacancies in the office sector almost doubled between 2007 and 2009 and net absorption was negative for two years. Also, it is often commercial real estate is more correlated with the unemployment rate and more vulnerable to shocks to the economy. By having a weaker link to the unemployment and GDP, residential REITs could have suffered less. Figure 4  [5] Industrial real estate faces also extra risk due to lack of tenant diversification. Warehouses and industrial premises tend to be large and typically occupied by a small number of tenants. Industrial REITs could have suffered from this problem in a downturn. Another major category is healthcare REITs. With increasingly aging population this seems to be an attractive investment. Nevertheless, any effect seen in the total returns data could be simply due to the 2010 healthcare reform, which implies that more people will be covered by the insurance in the US and therefore investors could expect more demand for healthcare property. On the other hand, healthcare REITs even before the reform had one of the lowest debt/capitalisation ratios (28.8% in 2009 compared to the average of 44.76% for all REITs) and offered relatively high returns.  [6]  More leveraged sectors could have found themselves is more trouble when the crisis started. Some researchers find that the type of REIT indeed determines the returns to investor. For example, Gyourko and Nelling (1996) regress betas on the percentage of properties of each type and find that retail REITs had significantly higher market sensitivity than industrial and warehouse REITs in the period of 1988-1992. Kim et al (2002) use Jensen index and perform ANOVA and find that hotel REITs underperformed other types. Redman and Manakyan (1995) regress Sharpe ratios of REITs on their characteristics. They find that property type focus together with geographical location and financial parameters are significant determinants of REITs risk adjusted returns. Finally, Benefield, Anderson, Zupano (2009) calculate Treynor measure and Jensen alphas and test their significance using both parametric and non-parametric tests. They find that REITs with diversified portfolio of properties (with respect to property type) perform better when the market conditions are good. In the downturn, there is however little evidence of superiori ty of diversified REITs. However, other strands of research suggest that property type does not matter for the return. For example, Young (2000) finds that randomly chosen portfolios that do not take property type into account perform in the same way as property-type specific portfolios. This analysis was applied to 1989-98 data. Chiang et al (n. d.) use three models CAPM, Fama-French and Cahart and apply it to data in the period of 1994-2005 and they conclude that there is no statistically significant differential in the risk adjusted performance of various types of REITs. DATA Data on monthly returns on 130 US public equity REITs was obtained from SNL Financial. SNL REIT indices were used to group REITs into types. Details of what exact companies each type includes are available in Appendix 1. The returns include both: capital gains and the dividends. The types of REITs considered are the following: healthcare, hotels, industrial, diversified/other, office, retail, residential and self-storage. SNL US Equity REIT is an index that includes all publicly traded REITs. Measure of market portfolio used in this study is SP 500. Monthly total returns on this index also come from the SNL Financial. Risk free rate and Fama-French factors were obtained from Kenneth R. Frenchs  [7]  website. The factors are difference in returns on big and small stocks (SMB) and difference in returns on stocks with high and low book-to-value ratio (HML). Data covers April 2003 January 2011 The frequency of the data is monthly, to clean the noise that can be found in the dai ly data. Also, this frequency is mostly used in the literature, so the study will be more comparable to others. Finally, yearly data would produce only few observations, which could raise concerns that the results are not reliable. In terms of the reliability of data, SNL Financial seems to be a relatively safe source, widely used by numerous investment banks. The only problem with the SNL is that it does not cover the pre-2000 period. No comparison with the previous periods can be therefore made. The last issue is that of division of data into PRE-CRISIS and CRISIS periods. 30 April 2007 was chosen as the division-point. The decision was based on the fact that most REITs started to offer negative returns at this time. Finally, it could be claimed that CRISIS covers the recovery time (when the recession ended). This is simply a nomenclature issue and inclusion of the recovery time is the intention of the author, as it is assumed that the crisis could have some long-lasting eff ects on the ability of certain REIT types to outperform others. Descriptive statistics for the period of April 2003 April 2007 (referred to as PRE-CRISIS from now on), period of May 2007 January 2011 (referred to as CRISIS) are presented in Tables 1-2. The mean return for most REITs was higher than that of SP 500. However SP 500 also carried lower risk. Among REIT types, self-storage had the highest mean return of almost 2.48% per month, but the standard deviation of those returns was also relatively large. Healthcare REITs offered large returns as well. The lowest mean return was on residential type 2.06% per month. What strikes here is that the means do not seem to differ dramatically across types. Simple comparison of returns is not an appropriate method of investigating the problem. Higher return could be just a reward for a higher risk. There are three most popular risk-adjusted measures of performance: Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Jensen alpha. They all benefit from having an intuitive interpretation. Sharpe and Treynor ratios are similar they are simply excess return divided by risk. Risk in the Sharpe ratio is the total risk, while Treynor ratio only takes into account market risk. Jensen alpha, on the other hand, informs of the extra return that cannot be explained by the market excess returns. In the downturn, Sharpe and Treynor ratio can be negative, which makes results difficult to interpret. Furthermore, Sharpe ratio does not control for size or any other characteristics. Jensen alpha is much more flexible in that respect, because different models can be used to estimate it. For example, Fama-French three factor model, which controls for size and book to equity values. The shortcoming of both Sharpe ratio and Jensen alpha is that they assume well diversified portfolios. However, Jensen alpha seems an attractive measure, because, as mentioned in Kim et al (2002), unlike other measures it can be tested for statistical significance. F inally, Jensen alpha is the most popular measure in the literature. Taking all the above into consideration, it seems most reasonable to rely on the Jensen alphas. However, the Sharpe ratios were also calculated to see whether they offer similar results. First, Sharpe ratios were computed for all types of REITs and for both periods, using the following formula (based on Sharpe (1964)): The higher the ratio, the better the performance, because a higher return was achieved at a lower risk. The main performance measure is Jensen alpha (Jensen (1968)). Positive (negative) Jensen alpha indicates a superior (inferior) performance relative to the market. Jensen alphas were obtained for each REIT type from two different models: standard CAPM and Fama-French. The latter is preferred, as it was found that it captures the nature of REITs more accurately (for example: Chiang et al (n. d.)). The constant term from each model is the Jensen alpha. The above discussed models are as follows : a) Standard CAPM: The notation is the same as before and is the return on market portfolio at time t b) Fama-French model: Differences in Jensen alphas need to be then tested for statistical significance. First single-factor ANOVA was calculated. After this, non-parametric Moods Median was used to check for robustness (following Benefield et al 2009). The method comes from Brown and Mood (1948). First, Jensen alphas were calculated for each REIT individually and these alphas then entered the ANOVA and Moods tests. Moods test consists in simply calculating how many stocks within each type have a higher or lower/equal Jensen alpha than the overall median of the REIT market. Then a simple ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡2 test with observed and expected values is calculated to test the null hypothesis that medians of Jensen alphas are the same across REIT types. RESULTS Results of the point estimates of Sharpe ratios (using type-portfolios) are presented in Table 3. Sharpe ratios fell dramatically for all REIT types in the CRISIS period, which was expected. Second, rankings for the two periods differ. For example, hotel REITs appear to be the best performing in the PRE-CRISIS period, but they are only 5th during the CRISIS. Nevertheless, no conclusion can be drawn, because no information is available about the statistical significance of these results. Before the crisis all alphas were positive, which indicates superior performance of REITs compared to the market. However only hotel and retail REITs have (marginally) significant alphas and that significance only persists for hotel REITs when Fama-French model is used instead of the CAPM. After/during the crisis all alphas (except the one for industrial REITs) were positive but insignificant at any conventional level. Furthermore, betas are higher for the CRISIS period, regardless of which model is used. In addition, results are similar to Sharpe ratios. The differences between point estimates across types need to be tested for statistical significance. Jensen alpha for each individual REIT were calculated. Then ANOVA and Moods Median test were carried out. In case of ANOVA, the null hypothesis is that mean excess returns are equal across types. In case of Moods test, the null hypothesis is that median excess returns are equal across types. Both tests give similar results the hypothesis that there are no differences in performance across REIT types cannot be rejected for the PRE-CRISIS period at the conventional 5% level. However for the CRISIS period, both tests suggest that the null hypothesis of no differences in performance across types can be rejected at the 5% level. The above is true regardless of whether CAPM or Fama-French model is used. For the analysis to be complete, it is reasonable to check which REIT types are different. Moods Median Test for each pai r of REIT types in the CRISIS period was performed. The null hypothesis in each case is that there is no difference in median Jensen alphas (from the Fama-French model). The results can be found in Table 9. This study investigates whether there are any differences in the performance of different property-types of REITs. The contribution of this paper is to analyse the question in the light of the recent crisis and compare the results to the ones obtained for the preceding period. Two measures of performance were used: Sharpe ratio and Jensen alpha. In order to test the significance of the differences across types, ANOVA and Moods Median Test methodologies were used. In addition, Jensen alpha was obtained from two models CAPM and Fama-French. Sharpe ratios seem to indicate different rankings of different types of REITs before and during/after the crisis. Jensen alphas are mostly positive in both periods, but many of them are insignificant. The results suggest no differences in pe rformance across property-types of REITs before the crisis. However during and after the crisis, healthcare and residential REITs outperform other types. Future research could focus on understanding the exact causes of these results. For example it could be resolved whether low levels of debt or the healthcare reform were the causes of healthcare REITs performance. Moreover, types could be broken down into subtypes to better understand the nature of the problem.

Susan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers - 878 Words

Throughout history, there has been a blatant difference in the world’s perception of the hierarchical standings of men and women. In many regards, men are viewed as superior to women. Because progress towards equality between the sexes has been made, it may be difficult for one to imagine the stark differences in the standards of which men and women were held to a century ago. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† Susan Glaspell crafts an intricate portrayal of these differences, but also provides a closer look at interpersonal relationships in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as how one’s atmosphere may affect the mind. Glaspell’s commentary is clear regarding the standing of men and women of the time, with the male characters being in positions of duty and respect, and the female characters being in positions of maintenance. These choices made by Glaspell allow the reader to observe the subtle differences in the sexes’ responsibilities and what they view as important details. This difference results in the male characters of the story believing their opinions hold more weight than those of the female characters. It is understood that the men view the women’s opinions as frivolous when upon observing the kitchen of Minnie Wright, the Sheriff makes the statement, â€Å"Nothing here but kitchen things,† (Glaspell 784). The reader knows the â€Å"kitchen things† eventually tell the tale of the murder of John Wright, but the men are not willing or able to look as closely as Mrs.Show MoreRelatedSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1408 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up i n Iowa in the 1800s and 1900s, Susan Glaspell took inspiration for many of her stories from personal experiences. As a former courthouse reporter herself, Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† is based largely on her involvement with a murder case and a kitchen she recalled investigating. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† a rendition of her early play, Trifles, focuses on the homicide of an abusive husband by his wife. While the men investigating the case overlook the various signs of abuseRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers1174 Words   |  5 Pages A Jury of Her Peers is a short story written by Susan Glaspell in 1917 and follows the investigation of the murder of John Wright, with his wife Minnie Wright being the alleged murderer. Martha and Lewis Hale assist Sheriff Peters and his wife, Mrs. Peters, with investigating the scene of the crime. Throughout the story, women notice significance in their findings, of which the men overlook. The me n have a dismissive attitude towards the women, ignoring their contributions. When the women solveRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers995 Words   |  4 Pagesprominent theme in the 1900’s, during a time when women were often treated as second class citizens to men. Susan Glaspell wrote the play â€Å"Trifles,† in 1916, which portrayed how women’s lives were seen as less significant throughout American society. The following year, Glaspell wrote the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† which was essentially a longer and more detailed version of â€Å"Trifles.† The stories are alike in many societal implications, since â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† was based off of â€Å"TriflesRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is now known as a feminist classic. Susan Glaspell first published the play â€Å"Trifles† in 1916 and was adapted to the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† in 1917. The story was rediscovered in the early 1970s, since then it has been reprinted into textbooks and anthologies. It is said that while Glaspell was working as a reporter she was inspired to write â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† The stories are inspired by a real murder case she was covering. TheRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers999 Words   |  4 PagesFrom beginning to end, Susan Glaspell’s 1917 short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers,† has several repetitive patterns and symbols that help the reader gain a profound understanding of how hard life is for women at the turn-of-the-century, as well as the bonds women share. In the story two women go with their husbands and county attorney to a remote house where Mr. Wright has been killed in his bed with a rope and he suspect is Minnie, his wife. Early in the story, Mrs. Hale sympathizes with Minnie andRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Ju ry Of Her Peers1841 Words   |  8 PagesName: ZaZa Horton Professor: Leblanc Course: Anicent Woman in Greece 20 April 2015 Susan Glaspell’s â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† â€Å"Jury of Her Peers† is a short story that revolves around the strange death of john wright. It is a piece of work that exposes sexism on women. Women have been categorized for some time now based on their gender and not on ability and skills. They have always fell at the short end of the stick when compare against men. Nevertheless, there were many similarities as well asRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesSusan Glaspell was a prolific author, playwright, journalist and novelist in the early 1900s. Early in her career as a reporter she wrote many articles including the newspaper coverage of a murder trial known as the Hossack Case when she worked for The Des Moines Daily News in Des Moines, Iowa. This murder trial was a much publicized event in which a woman, Margaret Hossack, was accused of murdering her prosperous husband on the couple’s farm in Des Moines. In t hese newspaper articles dated fromRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesdefined as the treatment of someone or something with due fairness, but the fairness of a situation is often seen differently, depending upon the viewer. In Susan Glaspell’s, A Jury of Her Peers, the idea of who is capable to fairly judge a person, and therefore serve justice, is examined through the arrest of Mrs. Minnie Wright for the murder of her husband. As the sheriff and others go to the Wrights’ house, the suggestion is made that those empowered by law to cast judgement and those with an understandingRead MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 Pagesof mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlasting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell . Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is also her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disease.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describes the murder of a man, with his wife being the prime suspect. Read MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles And A Jury Of Her Peers984 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† and â€Å"Trifles† are similar in plot, Mustazza’s article, â€Å"Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Susan Glaspell’s ‘Trifles’ and ‘A Jury of Her Peers’† highlights the differences and similarities between the two. Mustazza’s article may help aid readers to understand the differences between Glaspell’s two works and provide understanding as to why Glaspell may have changed the genre and form of the plot. â€Å"Trifles† is a dramatic play whereas â€Å"A Jury of Her P eers† is prose

E-Business for Online Business and Information - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theE-Business for Online Business and Information. Answer: Online retail Amazon Amazon is an e-commerce company. Its headquarters is in Seattle, Washington. Amazon Company was founded in 1994 and is now 23years old. Due to Amazons advance in technology, it rates as the largest online retailer in the world by their total sales and capitalization of its market. The organization operates in the online shopping industry and offers its services worldwide (Laudon and Trever, 2013, pp. 22). The online company deals in Amazon Appstore, Echo, Kindle, web services, and Comixology as its products. Amazon's official website is Amazon. Com. However, it has a separate retail site for countries based at such as Australia with its website as Amazon.au. Amazon offers product shipping to other nations. Currently, Amazon has made plans to purchase a whole foods market by the end of the year. This purchase will be a great challenge to physical stores. Amazon owns over forty subsidiaries. Some of the product lines available at Amazon include consumer electronics, beauty products, groceries, health and personal care items, apparel, and baby products. Amazon gives its users a platform to write their reviews and rate the products on a scale of one to five on the page of each product. Users buying books can use the Amazon's search inside the book feature that allows a search for keywords. Goh, NG, Wong, and Chong, (2017) argues that efficiency of the online delivery services has been greatly influenced by the revolution of technology and now customers can order for deliveries directly from their phones. Customers preferences have also changed as most shopping is now done online with fewer efforts and less cost needed. The article is relevant to this assignment because bricks and mortar are facing competition from the growing online retail and extinction of physical stores feared by Marc Andreessen, founder of Netscape ((Goh, NG, Wong, and Chong, 2017, pp.4). The competition posed by more customers now moving toward online shopping on sites such as Amazon According to Shay (2017) the physical stores offer an experience that is different from online stores. One can familiarize with smells such as the bread bakery section in a mall and have face to face interactions with other buyers (Shay, 2017, pp.3). Shays article is relevant to this assignment since online retails also offer technological experience to their customers. The users can view other peoples review on the page products are listed and search for goods by viewing their photos online. Ways to which Amazon can improve Firstly, Amazon should ensure the items listed are of high quality. The company has continually been facing accusations of selling counterfeit items to its buyers from its websites (Sahney, 2015, pp.131). Secondly, Amazon should establish a partnership with more than just one social networking sites to give its link to a wider base of users and make access to its website easier and more convenient for browsers who will just have to click on the provided link. Bibliography Goh, S., NG, S., Wong, S., Chong, L. 2017. Outsourcing to online food delivery services: perspective of FB Business Owners. Journal of internet banking and commerce. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013. E-commerce. Pearson. Sahney, S., 2015. Critical success factors in online retailan application of quality function deployment and interpretive structural modeling. International Journal of Business and Information, 3(1). Shay, C. 2017. 5 Questions with founder of Boulders Sweet Ruckus. Journal of online business and information